Abstract: A retrofit diverter switch which has a mechanical and electrical interface that is compatible with the existing designs is provided. The diverter switch may include a vacuum switch. The feature where the mechanical and electrical interface is compatible enables a retrofit from traditional On Load Tap Changers to a vacuum based on Load Tap Changers. The diverter switch may be retrofitted into existing tap changer housings. Retrofitting from traditional to vacuum based, traditional to vacuum based and up rating, and vacuum up rating may be possible. Also, the diverter switch may include modular components that allow for easy customization of the diverter switch for different applications.

Abstract: A modulator is provided in operative engagement with a sensor element having a plurality of electrodes. The modulator has a single-bit quantizer electrically connected to a digital accumulator. The accumulator accumulates output information received from the single-bit quantizer. The accumulator converts the accumulated output information received from the single-bit quantizer to a multi-bit feedback signal and sends the multi-bit feedback signal in a primary feedback loop back to the sensor element. The quantizer sends a single-bit feedback signal in a secondary feedback loop back to a point before the quantizer.

Abstract: An amplifier is provided that has a first loop interacting with a second loop. A feedback signal and input signal are provided to the amplifier. The first loop and the second loop interact with the input signal to nullify the feedback signal.

Abstract: An output-impedance in a power amplifier is provided. A first transistor QBUF of a buffer stage is connected to a first side of a resistor RF and a second transistor QAMP to a second opposite side of the resistor RF. The first transistor feeds a current IRF to the second resistor QAMP. The current IRF at the second transistor is copied and multiplied by a factor (n) to form an output current IOUT, as (1+n)*IRF. The current IRF is fed back to the first transistor and the output current IOUT is fed to a load resistor R.

Abstract: An output-impedance in a power amplifier is provided. A first transistor QBUF of a buffer stage is connected to a first side of a resistor RF and a second transistor QAMP to a second opposite side of the resistor RF. The first transistor feeds a current IRF to the second resistor QAMP. The current IRF at the second transistor is copied and multiplied by a factor (n) to form an output current IOUT, as (1+n)* IRF. The current IRF is fed back to the first transistor and the output current IOUT is fed to a load resistor R.

Abstract: A retrofit diverter switch which has a mechanical and electrical interface that is compatible with the existing designs is provided. The diverter switch may include a vacuum switch. The feature where the mechanical and electrical interface is compatible enables a retrofit from traditional On Load Tap Changers to a vacuum based on Load Tap Changers. The diverter switch may be retrofitted into existing tap changer housings. Retrofitting from traditional to vacuum based, traditional to vacuum based and up rating, and vacuum up rating may be possible. Also, the diverter switch may include modular components that allow for easy customization of the diverter switch for different applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an internal combustion engine (1) of the Otto type, comprising an induction pipe (3) in conjunction with the engine's (1) cylinders, a brake servo unit (15), a flow connection (29) for evacuating air from the brake servo unit (15) to the induction pipe (3) for the purpose of building up a vacuum inside the brake servo unit (15), in conjunction with which a Venturi unit (25) is arranged in the flow connection (17, 19) to assist with the building up of the aforementioned vacuum. The internal combustion engine is characterized in that the flow connection (17, 19) comprises a bypass line (29) having a lower flow resistance than the Venturi unit (25), the bypass line (29) being intended to connect the evacuated air past the Venturi unit (25) in the event of a transient vacuum in the induction pipe (3).

Abstract: An adapter (1) for an exhaled breath measurement apparatus (2), comprising a first inlet (3) for tidal breathing, a second inlet (4) for air free from one or more component to be measured, through which and a first one-way valve (5) air flows when a test person inhales through the adapter (1) at the first inlet (3), and an outlet (6) for exhaled breath having a second one-way valve (7). A sample tubing (11) is positioned next to the first inlet (3) for tidal breathing for a continuous sample from the exhaled breath immediately inside the adapter (1), upstream the second one-way valve (7) at the outlet (6) for exhaled breath. An exhaled breath measurement apparatus (2) with such adapter (1). A method for measuring exhaled breath during tidal breathing by sampling continuously in an adapter (1) at a first inlet (3) into which a test person breathes, the sampling taking place upstream of an outlet (6) for exhaled breath.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of gas measurements, and more specifically to the field of testing the measuring function of a measuring device (7) for gas measurements, the measuring device (7) including a gas sensor (9) generating at least one output signal. The method includes connecting at least one simulation signal to the measuring device (7) and/or feeding a gas mixture to the measuring device wherein the magnitude of the concentration of a gas to be measured in the gas mixture is known. The invention also relates to a simulation device (1) for connection to the measuring device (7) for gas measurements when testing the measuring function of the measuring device (7). The simulation device (1) generates at least one simulation signal which can attain at least one signal level, wherein a certain signal value corresponds to a certain gas concentration.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of producing a chromatographic separation matrix, wherein porous polymeric particles comprised of two layers with different properties are prepared in a two-phase system by (a) providing porous polymeric particles with reactive groups on their surfaces; (b) washing said particles with a first solvent and draining the particles to enclose a first phase; (c) wetting the outer layer of the particles by adding a second solvent, which is essentially insoluble in the first solvent; (d) reacting the reactive groups in the outer layer by adding a reagent, which is essentially non-reactive in the first solvent; and (e) coupling of chromatographic binding groups to the reactive groups in the inner layer. The invention also encompasses a porous polymer particle suitable for use as a chromatographic separation matrix and a process of separation, wherein a matrix according to the invention is used.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an internal combustion engine (1) of the Otto type, comprising an induction pipe (3) in conjunction with the engine's (1) cylinders, a brake servo unit (15), a flow connection (29) for evacuating air from the brake servo unit (15) to the induction pipe (3) for the purpose of building up a vacuum inside the brake servo unit (15), in conjunction with which a Venturi unit (25) is arranged in the flow connection (17, 19) to assist with the building up of the aforementioned vacuum. The internal combustion engine is characterized in that the flow connection (17, 19) comprises a bypass line (29) having a lower flow resistance than the Venturi unit (25), the bypass line (29) being intended to connect the evacuated air past the Venturi unit (25) in the event of a transient vacuum in the induction pipe (3).

Abstract: The present invention is a method of producing porous beads, which comprises the steps of providing a first liquid phase comprising a bead matrix material and essentially edgy templating particle(s), said particle(s) being treated with a surface modifying agent; providing a second liquid phase which is immiscible with the first liquid phase; contacting the first phase and the second phase under conditions resulting in an emulsion of droplets comprised of the first liquid phase dispersed in the continuous second liquid phase; transforming the droplets to mesoporous beads by solidification of the liquid; and removing the templating particle(s) from the beads without causing any essential change of the surrounding bead, whereby hierarchical networks of pores are provided in the beads.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a solid porous separation material based on a polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing an aqueous solution (I) of a polysaccharide, (b) solidifying the solution, preferably by transforming the solution to a gel, and (c) optionally cross-linking the polysaccharide, with the proviso that, if step (c) is present, steps (b) and (c) may be carried out simultaneously. The method is characterised in that the polysaccharide provided in step (a) is modified by being inter-molecularly cross-linked to an extent such that the viscosity of solution (I) is at least 110%, preferably at least 200%, of the viscosity of an aqueous solution (II) of the corresponding polysaccharide which has not been inter-molecularly cross-linked and which is present in the same concentration as the inter-molecularly cross-linked polysaccharide is in solution (I).

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a solid porous separation material based on a polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing an aqueous solution (I) of a polysaccharide, (b) solidifying the solution, preferably by transforming the solution to a gel, and (c) optionally crosslinking the polysaccharide, with the proviso that, if step (c) is present, steps (b) and (c) may be carried out simultaneously.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of producing a chromatographic separation matrix, wherein porous polymeric particles comprised of two layers with different properties are prepared in a two-phase system by (a) providing porous polymeric particles with reactive groups on their surfaces; (b) washing said particles with a first solvent and draining the particles to enclose a first phase; (c) wetting the outer layer of the particles by adding a second solvent, which is essentially insoluble in the first solvent; (d) reacting the reactive groups in the outer layer by adding a reagent, which is essentially non-reactive in the first solvent; and (e) coupling of chromatographic binding groups to the reactive groups in the inner layer. The invention also encompasses a porous polymer particle suitable for use as a chromatographic separation matrix and a process of separation, wherein a matrix according to the invention is used.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of producing porous beads, which comprises the steps of providing a first liquid phase comprising a bead matrix material and essentially edgy templating particle(s), said particle(s) being treated with a surface modifying agent; providing a second liquid phase which is immiscible with the first liquid phase; contacting the first phase and the second phase under conditions resulting in an emulsion of droplets comprised of the first liquid phase dispersed in the continuous second liquid phase; transforming the droplets to mesoporous beads by solidification of the liquid; and removing the templating particle(s) from the beads without causing any essential change of the surrounding bead, whereby hierarchical networks of pores are provided in the beads.

Abstract: A method for recovering a desired component from a sample solution with beads under stabilized fluidized bed conditions is provided. Also provided are support beads for use in downstream processing which comprise a polymer matrix into which glass or silica particles have been incorporated.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a solid porous separation material based on a polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing an aqueous solution (I) of a polysaccharide, (b) solidifying the solution, preferably by transforming the solution to a gel, and (c) optionally cross-linking the polysaccharide, with the proviso that, if step (c) is present, steps (b) and (c) may be carried out simultancously. The method is characterised in that the polysaccharide provided in step (a) is modified by being inter-molecularly cross-linked to an extent such that the viscosity of solution (I) is at least 110%, preferably at least 200%, of the viscosity of an aqueous solution (II) of the corresponding polysacchaiide which has not been inter-molecularly cross-linked and which is present in the same concentration as the inter-molecularly cross-linked polysaccharide is in solution (I).

Abstract: A matrix including: a) a polymeric base matrix including macropores (pore system 1) and b) an interior material, possibly porous (pore system 2), retained within the macropores. The matrix is characterized in that there is a continuous free volume between the interior material and the pore walls of the macropores. A method for manufacturing a matrix including a base matrix having macropores in which an interior material is located. The method is characterized in including the steps: (I) providing a base matrix having macropores; (ii) filling the macropores with a soluble form of the interior material; (iii) transforming the insoluble from to an insoluble form; (iv) shrinking the insoluble form; and (v) irreversibly stabilizing the material in its shrunken form. The matrix can be used in separation methods, cell culturing, solid phase synthesis of organic molecules, and in catalytic reactions (such as enzyme reactions) and other uses in which porous support matrices are used.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing porous polysaccharide beads, comprising: (a) mixing a water-based solution of a polysaccharide under stirring with an essentially water-immiscible first organic phase to form an emulsion which separates into two continuous phases; (b) adding a second organic phase comprising an emulsifier and an organic solvent to form a three-phase system; (c) allowing the three-phase system to emulsify; and (d) decreasing the temperature below the gelling point of the polysaccharide, thereby obtaining beads having two sets of pores, said method being characterised in that the emulsifier is a water-insoluble polymer capable of stabilizing said three-phase system.