Abstract: A photovoltaic device is made by providing a substrate and forming a compact layer on the substrate. The compact layer is coated with a layer including metal oxide nanoparticles and perovskites. NIK radiation is used to cure the layer when exposed to light. There is also an electrode attached to the scaffold. The method allows for the manufacture of photovoltaic devices very efficiently and rapidly making it a very economical process.

Abstract: The photovoltaic device is formed by coating a substrate with a transparent conducting oxide and then this layer is coated with a dioxide layer. The dioxide layer is then coated in a single step with a precursor solution including metal oxide nanoparticles and perovskites and this precursor can be heated to form a scaffold having a perovskite light absorber and electron transporter. A conductor is added to form a connection with the scaffold and it is envisaged that because a single step relatively low temperature process is used to form the scaffold then this can be painted onto a surface and cured in situ making it a very economical process.