Abstract: Counterrotating cam and follower apparatuses (C-CAFA) capable of converting reciprocating to rotational motion, and visa versa, utilizing counterrotating cams cooperating with at least one reciprocating cam follower. Apparatus cam counterrotation is ensured to be synchronously timed without necessity of prior art stationary geartrains, by and through apparatus cam follower(s) combining with counterrotating cam surfaces acting as moving follower constraints, provided that disclosed structural limitations, including those regarding cam and follower surface interface engineering slop, multiple degree of freedom cams, rotating and reciprocating follower(s), and electromechanical limitations are met when specified. Optional apparatus usages include reciprocating mass balancer, differential to reverse and or multiply shaft rotations, and apparatus combinations with connecting rods, pistons, cylinders, and or engines.

Abstract: Counterrotating cam and follower apparatuses (C-CAFA) capable of converting reciprocating to rotational motion, and visa versa, utilizing counterrotating cams cooperating with at least one reciprocating cam follower. Apparatus cam counterrotation is ensured to be synchronously timed without necessity of prior art stationary geartrains, by and through apparatus cam follower(s) combining with counterrotating cam surfaces acting as moving follower constraints, provided that disclosed structural limitations, including those regarding cam and follower surface interface engineering slop, multiple degree of freedom cams, rotating and reciprocating follower(s), and electromechanical limitations are met when specified. Optional apparatus usages include reciprocating mass balancer, differential to reverse and or multiply shaft rotations, and apparatus combinations with connecting rods, pistons, cylinders, and or engines.

Abstract: Improved structures, functions, and methods regarding internal combustion engines (ICE's). ICE embodiments disclosed are divided into three groups, all of which have at least one embodiment structurally possessing at least one actively powered fan cooperating with at least one exhaust manifold. All of said embodiments disclosed at least solve the objective technical problem of reducing emissions in an ICE. Said embodiments include both normally aspirated and forced induction ICE's. Said embodiments are capable of operation in two stroke cycle Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode, two stroke cycle spark ignition mode, two stroke cycle combination spark ignition and HCCI mode, or four stroke cycle spark ignition mode. The technical field respecting all embodiments and or their methodologies relates generally to ICE's. Principal uses of the embodiments include enabling the operation of ICE's in the above said various mode or modes.