Abstract: An apparatus includes processing circuitry configured to: obtain first trained parameters for a model, wherein the first trained parameters have been generated by training the model using data from a first data cohort; obtain second trained parameters for the model, wherein the second trained parameters have been generated by training the model using data from a second, different data cohort; determine a first evaluation value by inputting data from the first data cohort into a model having the first trained parameters; and determine a second evaluation value by inputting data from the first data cohort into a model having the second trained parameters.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises processing circuitry configured to: obtain first trained parameters for a model, wherein the first trained parameters have been generated by training the model using data from a first data cohort; obtain second trained parameters for the model, wherein the second trained parameters have been generated by training the model using data from a second, different data cohort; determine a first evaluation value by inputting data from the first data cohort into a model having the first trained parameters; and determine a second evaluation value by inputting data from the first data cohort into a model having the second trained parameters.