Abstract: A microwave antenna apparatus comprises an electrically conductive ground element defining an aperture, an electrically conductive elongated element extending through the aperture and terminating at a distal end, and one or more dielectric elements. The one or more of the dielectric elements electrically insulate the elongated element and the ground element from one another. The microwave antenna apparatus may be configured for use in radiating microwave energy into surface tissue of a uterine cervix so as to provide a therapeutic effect in one or more regions of the uterine cervix, such as one or more regions of the cervix infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) and/or diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or so as to create the correct biological response in one or more such regions.

Abstract: A method of treating or preventing an HPV infection or a disease or condition associated with an HPV infection comprises exposing a subject with an HPV infection to microwave energy, where the microwave energy degrades the HPV E6 protein.

Abstract: A measurement scale device includes at least one scale marking, wherein the or each scale marking includes at least one periodic nanostructure that represents scale device information.

Abstract: A measurement scale device includes at least one scale marking, wherein the or each scale marking includes at least one periodic nanostructure that represents scale device information.

Abstract: A measurement scale device includes at least one scale marking, wherein the or each scale marking includes at least one periodic nanostructure that represents scale device information.

Abstract: A method of reading data represented by a marking including at least one periodic nanostructure, the marking representing data using a polarisation property of the periodic nanostructure. The method includes detecting polarised electromagnetic radiation reflected from or transmitted by the nanostructure, and determining the data represented by the marking from the detected polarised electromagnetic radiation, wherein the method further includes applying polarised electromagnetic radiation to the nanostructure, and/or the detecting is performed using a polarisation-sensitive detector apparatus.