Abstract: In an ICD, a highly efficient biphasic defibrillation pulse is generated by switching at least two charged capacitors from a parallel connection to various combinations of a parallel/series connection or a series connection during the first phase of the defibrillation pulse. Such mid-stream parallel/series connection changes of the capacitors and steps up the voltage applied to the cardiac tissue during the first phase. A stepped-up voltage during the first phase, in turn, gives an extra boost to, and thereby forces additional charge (current) into, the cardiac tissue cells, and thereby transfers more charge to the membrane of the excitable cardiac cell than if the capacitors were continuously discharged in series. Phase reversal is timed with the cell membrane reaching its maximum value at the end of the first phase.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor having several cathode layers and several anode layers stacked in a single housing. At least some of the anode layers are electrically interconnected in a group electrically isolated from another group of electrically interconnected anodes. Separate electrical connections permit the separate groups to be independently connected to external circuitry.