Abstract: To display content in a user's preferred language, a content provider locates a layout information file to determine how to display the content. A layout strings file storing a layout string in a specific language is selected, according to the user's preferred languages. The content from a content provider and the layout string are then formatted as specified by the layout information file, and presented to the user.

Abstract: A portal system identifies a language in which content can be displayed to the user. Possible languages can be determined from one or more of identity information for the user, a container for the user's directory entry, and the user's location. The determined languages can be ranked, and the highest-ranked available language can be selected for content display to the user.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and schema are provided for enforcing security on an attribute of an object. An instance of an object is created or modified using the schema where a number of the attributes for the object include descriptors. The attributes of the created or modified object are checked to ensure that the modifier has access rights to the attributes. If the modifier does not have the access rights, then values are not assigned to the attributes requested by the modifier. When the modifier provides values for an attribute having the corresponding descriptor, the values are also checked to determine if they are references to a second object. In which case, a check is made to ensure the modifier has an access right to the second object. If no such access right exists, then the values are not assigned to the attribute as originally requested by the modifier.