Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the distance between first and second proximately disposed electrically conductive surfaces is provided in which the force exerted between the first and second surfaces is measured to obtain an exerted force value. A separation distance between the first and second surfaces is determined as a function of the exerted force value.

Abstract: A method and fly-height tester include a moving medium and a slider mount that holds a slider in proximity with the medium so that the slider flies relative to the medium. At least one light emitting diode generates a light that is directed by optics so that it reflects off the medium and the slider. The reflected light is directed by second optics to at least one detector, where each detector is capable of generating an electrical signal based on the amplitude of at least one wavelength of light in the reflected light. A distance calculator then determines the distance from the slider to the medium based on the at least one electrical signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the distance between first and second proximately disposed electrically conductive surfaces is provided in which the force exerted between the first and second surfaces is measured to obtain an exerted force value. A separation distance between the first and second surfaces is determined as a function of the exerted force value.

Abstract: A method and fly-height tester include a moving medium and a slider mount that holds a slider in proximity with the medium so that the slider flies relative to the medium. At least one light emitting diode generates a light that is directed by optics so that it reflects off the medium and the slider. The reflected light is directed by second optics to at least one detector, where each detector is capable of generating an electrical signal based on the amplitude of at least one wavelength of light in the reflected light. A distance calculator then determines the distance from the slider to the medium based on the at least one electrical signal.

Abstract: An electromagnetic accelerometer includes a rigid shell with a cavity in which two magnets are fixed at either and of the rigid shell and one magnet is allowed to move between the fixed magnets. The three magnets are arranged so that the movable magnet is suspended between the fixed magnets by magnetic forces from the fixed magnets. A coil of wire surrounds the shell and magnets. An acceleration of the accelerometer causes a displacement of the movable magnet with the cavity. As a result, an electrical current is induced in the coil of wire. The voltage in the coil of wire is proportional to the acceleration experienced by the accelerometer. The electromagnetic accelerometer is particular useful in an implantable pacemaker or defibrillator and can be included in either or both a lead or the housing of the pacemaker. Further, the accelerometer generates its own voltage in response to acceleration and the resulting electrical energy can be used as a power source.

Abstract: Magnetically alterable material, such as magnetostrictive material, is used in combination with a suitable substrate and a suitable magnetic field to produce a stylet and lead assembly that curves in response to a suitable magnetic field.