Abstract: A surgical apparatus comprises an instrument shaft having a proximal end and a distal end, an end effector coupled to the distal end of the shaft, and a sheath disposed on an external surface of the instrument shaft. The sheath has a first section made of ePTFE and a second section made of a second material, wherein the second section provides a friction seal with the shaft, and wherein the ePTFE is gas-permeable.

Abstract: Sheaths for medical instruments cover wrist mechanisms to provide a barrier to infiltration of biological material into the instrument, electrical isolation of energized portions of the instrument, seal the instrument to help maintain cavity pressure within a patient, or reduce the chance that two jointed instruments will tangle during a medical procedure.

Abstract: A method using a sheathed surgical apparatus includes equalizing a pressure differential between a surgical insufflation gas pressure and an initial pressure lower than the insufflation gas pressure. The insufflation gas pressure is external to a portion of a surgical apparatus upon which a sheath is disposed, and the initial pressure is within the surgical apparatus. The equalizing of the pressure differential occurs via permeation of insufflation gas through the sheath.

Abstract: A shaft for a surgical instrument comprises an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, a central lumen extending through the outer tube, and a plurality of stiffening rods positioned around the central lumen. The plurality of stiffening rods may comprise a nonconductive material. The shaft may form part of an electrosurgical instrument. In another embodiment, a surgical instrument may comprise an end effector and a shaft having an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, a drive rod, and at least four stiffening rods positioned around the drive rod, each stiffening rod being positioned substantially immediately adjacent to the drive rod. The axial stiffness of the shaft increases incrementally during actuation of the end effector.

Abstract: A device for gripping an object that includes a main body having a first and a second endplate, a baseplate, at least one guide rail, and a first jaw and a second jaw, each receiving the at least one guide rail. The device also includes a first pulley assembly and a second pulley assembly respectively attached to the baseplate and a chain loop respectively attached to the first pulley assembly and the second pulley assembly. The chain loop includes a first chain length and a second chain length and a first link and a second link that attaches the first chain length and the second chain length. Each of the first link and second link include at least one dowel pin. The chain loop is attached to the first jaw and the second jaw by the at least one dowel pin of each of the first link and second link.

Abstract: A shaft for a surgical instrument comprises an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, a central lumen extending through the outer tube, and a plurality of stiffening rods positioned around the central lumen. The plurality of stiffening rods may comprise a nonconductive material. The shaft may form part of an electrosurgical instrument. In another embodiment, a surgical instrument may comprise an end effector and a shaft having an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, a drive rod, and at least four stiffening rods positioned around the drive rod, each stiffening rod being positioned substantially immediately adjacent to the drive rod. The axial stiffness of the shaft increases incrementally during actuation of the end effector.

Abstract: A fluid energy harvester, including a housing having at least one port and an outlet, and the housing defining at least one fluid passageway therein. The fluid energy harvester also includes a converter disposed within the housing and configured to convert at least a portion of potential energy in an exhaust fluid, a generator operably coupled to the converter and configured to generate an electrical current from the converter, a charging controller electrically coupled to the generator, and a storage medium electrically coupled to the generator and configured to store the electrical current generated by the generator. The fluid energy harvester further includes a nozzle configured to control a flow of the exhaust fluid.

Abstract: A gripper for a robot has a gripper mechanism with a jaw motion input, and a motor speed reducer combination including a speed reducer and a motor. The speed reducer has a motion output. The gripper mechanism has a first pattern of mounting features arranged about the jaw motion input. The speed reducer has a second pattern of mounting features arranged about the motion output. The first pattern of mounting features and the second pattern of mounting features are arranged so that the motor reducer combination may be mounted to the gripper mechanism in at least four indexed positions about the motion output and the jaw motion input.

Abstract: A fluid energy harvester, including a housing having at least one port and an outlet, and the housing defining at least one fluid passageway therein. The fluid energy harvester also includes a converter disposed within the housing and configured to convert at least a portion of potential energy in an exhaust fluid, a generator operably coupled to the converter and configured to generate an electrical current from the converter, a charging controller electrically coupled to the generator, and a storage medium electrically coupled to the generator and configured to store the electrical current generated by the generator. The fluid energy harvester further includes a nozzle configured to control a flow of the exhaust fluid.

Abstract: A device for gripping an object that includes a main body having a first and a second endplate, a baseplate, at least one guide rail, and a first jaw and a second jaw, each receiving the at least one guide rail. The device also includes a first pulley assembly and a second pulley assembly respectively attached to the baseplate and a chain loop respectively attached to the first pulley assembly and the second pulley assembly. The chain loop includes a first chain length and a second chain length and a first link and a second link that attaches the first chain length and the second chain length. Each of the first link and second link include at least one dowel pin. The chain loop is attached to the first jaw and the second jaw by the at least one dowel pin of each of the first link and second link.

Abstract: A surgical instrument may comprise a shaft comprising a wrist at a first end, an end effector coupled to the wrist, and an actuation element that extends along the shaft and the wrist. The actuation element may follow a twisted path along at least a portion of the wrist. The twisted path may have an angular extent of less than 360 degrees along an entire length of the wrist. A method of configuring a surgical instrument wrist is also contemplated, as well as a support structure for an actuation element of a surgical instrument. The support structure may comprise at least one passage defining a twisted path about a longitudinal axis of the support structure. The passage may have an angular extent of less than 360 degrees from a first end of the passage to a second end of the passage.

Abstract: A wrist joint, such as for a surgical instrument, may include a first disc, a second disc adjacent the first disc, and a drive tendon that extends through the first disc and the second disc. The first disc and the second disc may include respective opposing joint features that intermesh with one another. The first disc and the second disc may further include opposing load bearing surfaces separate from the joint features. The drive tendon may exert a force on at least one of the first and second discs to cause relative rotation between the first and second discs. The first and second discs may have a maximum rotational range of motion greater than about +/?45 degrees relative to each other.

Abstract: A gripper for a robot has a gripper mechanism with a jaw motion input, and a motor speed reducer combination including a speed reducer and a motor. The speed reducer has a motion output. The gripper mechanism has a first pattern of mounting features arranged about the jaw motion input. The speed reducer has a second pattern of mounting features arranged about the motion output. The first pattern of mounting features and the second pattern of mounting features are arranged so that the motor reducer combination may be mounted to the gripper mechanism in at least four indexed positions about the motion output and the jaw motion input.

Abstract: Two surgical instruments are inserted through a guide tube. The surgical instruments exit at an intermediate position of the guide tube and are oriented to be substantially parallel to the guide tube's longitudinal axis as they exit. A stereoscopic image capture component is on the guide tube between the intermediate position and the guide tube's distal end. The image capture component's field of view is generally perpendicular to the guide tube's longitudinal axis. The surgical instruments and the guide tube are telemanipulatively controlled.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a robotic surgical tool having opposing jaws, the working element of the robotic surgical tool is made of a different material from the drive element of the robotic surgical tool. The two elements may be manufactured independently and assembled together at a later stage. The material comprising each element may thus have properties more appropriate to the function each element plays in the robotic surgical tool. For example, the metal selected to comprise the blade of a surgical scissor may be corrosion resistant and capable of being sharpened to a high degree.

Abstract: A shaft for a surgical instrument comprises an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, a central lumen extending through the outer tube, and a plurality of stiffening rods positioned around the central lumen. The plurality of stiffening rods may comprise a nonconductive material. The shaft may form part of an electrosurgical instrument. In another embodiment, a surgical instrument may comprise an end effector and a shaft having an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, a drive rod, and at least four stiffening rods positioned around the drive rod, each stiffening rod being positioned substantially immediately adjacent to the drive rod. The axial stiffness of the shaft increases incrementally during actuation of the end effector.

Abstract: A surgical instrument is inserted through a guide tube. The surgical instrument exits at an intermediate position of the guide tube and is oriented to be substantially parallel to the guide tube's longitudinal axis as it exits. A stereoscopic image capture component is on the guide tube between the intermediate position and the guide tube's distal end. The image capture component's field of view is generally perpendicular to the guide tube's longitudinal axis. The guide tube is jointed to allow the image capture component to be moved. The surgical instruments and the guide tube are telemanipulatively controlled.

Abstract: A surgical instrument is inserted through a guide tube. The surgical instrument exits at an intermediate position of the guide tube and is oriented to be substantially parallel to the guide tube's longitudinal axis as it exits. A stereoscopic image capture component is on the guide tube between the intermediate position and the guide tube's distal end. The image capture component's field of view is generally perpendicular to the guide tube's longitudinal axis. The guide tube is jointed to allow the image capture component to be moved. The surgical instruments and the guide tube are telemanipulatively controlled.

Abstract: A method using a sheathed surgical apparatus includes equalizing a pressure differential between a surgical insufflation gas pressure and an initial pressure lower than the insufflation gas pressure. The insufflation gas pressure is external to a portion of a surgical apparatus upon which a sheath is disposed, and the initial pressure is within the surgical apparatus. The equalizing of the pressure differential occurs via permeation of insufflation gas through the sheath.

Abstract: The present invention provides a machine guideway including a base, a shaft placed in a groove within the base, a carriage slidably connected to the base and shaft, a pair of opposed wheels held by the carriage, and a cover placed over the pair of opposed wheels. The groove has an arch shape defining a groove arch radius. The shaft defines a shaft radius less than the groove arch radius. Each opposed wheel of the pair of opposed wheels contacts the shaft at a rolling point and has a plurality of radii. The plurality of radii of each opposed wheel together form a pair arch when the opposed wheels are held by the carriage. The pair arch defines a pair arch radius that is greater than the shaft radius. The cover is configured to keep the pair of opposed wheels in contact with the shaft with a pre-loaded force.