Abstract: A composition including R-MDMA, S-MDMA, or specific (not 1:1 as in racemic MDMA) combinations of these two enantiomers of racemic MDMA as well as R-MDA, S-MDA, and a combination that is not 1:1 of R-MDA and S-MDA. A method of treating an individual, especially in substance-assisted psychotherapy by administering the composition to the individual. A method of personalized medicine, by evaluating an individual who is in need of MDMA treatment and determining if there are characteristics of the individual present that would not be suitable for MDMA treatment, and administering the composition to the individual. A method of reducing abuse of MDMA by an individual, by administering R-MDMA to the individual and thereby reducing abuse.

Abstract: A composition of a compound represented by FIGS. 1A-1E for use in substance-assisted therapy. A method of changing neurotransmission, by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of FIGS. 1A-1E to a mammal, interacting with serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the mammal, and inducing psychoactive effects. A method of treating a patient having adverse reactions to psychedelics by administering 4-alkenyl and 4-alkynyl phenethylamine derivatives and related compounds as represented in FIGS. 1A-1E to the patient, and avoiding adverse effects present with psychedelics. A method of changing neurotransmission of an individual, by administering 4-alkenyl and 4-alkynyl phenethylamine derivatives and related compounds as represented in FIGS. 1A-1E and changing neurotransmission in the individual.

Abstract: A method of enhancing positive effects of a psychedelic, by inducing a positive psychological state in an individual with an empathogen/entactogen, administering a psychedelic to the individual, and enhancing a positive response to the psychedelic. A composition including an entactogen/empathogen and a serotonergic psychedelic in the same dosage form or administered as separate compositions within a combination treatment schedule. A method of enhancing positive effects of a psychedelic, by inducing the release of endogenous monoamines, and subsequently stimulating 5-HT2A receptors.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing a pharmacological compound substance by attaching a psychoactive base substance to an amino acid and creating a prodrug with modified pharmacological behavior. A prodrug made by the method. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a prodrug of a psychoactive base substance attached to an amino acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing a pharmacological compound substance by attaching a psychoactive base substance to an amino acid and creating a prodrug with modified pharmacological behavior. A prodrug made by the method. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a prodrug of a psychoactive base substance attached to an amino acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Abstract: A composition of a compound represented generically by FIG. 1A for use in substance-assisted therapy. A method of changing neurotransmission, by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of FIG. 1A to a mammal, interacting with serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the mammal, in particular also human beings, and inducing psychoactive effects. A method of treating an individual, by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of FIG. 1A to the individual and treating the individual.

Abstract: A compound including a prodrug having a psychoactive base substance attached to an amino acid. A method of treating an individual, especially in substance-assisted psychotherapy, by administering proMDMA or a proMDMA-like compound to the individual, metabolizing the prodrug, and releasing the MDMA or MDMA-like substance in the individual. A method of reducing anxiety while administering MDMA, by providing a slow release of MDMA or an MDMA-like substance and thereby reducing anxiety in the individual at the onset of administration. A method of personalized medicine, by evaluating an individual and determining if there are characteristics of the individual present that would not be suitable for MDMA treatment and administering proMDMA or a proMDMA-like substance to the individual. A method of reducing abuse of MDMA, by administering proMDMA or a proMDMA-like substance, and providing a delayed and attenuated effect of MDMA or a MDMA-like substance, thereby reducing abuse.

Abstract: A method of enhancing positive effects of a psychedelic, by pretreating an individual with an antidepressant, administering a psychedelic to the individual, and inducing a more positive psychological state in the individual with the antidepressant-psychedelic combination compared with the psychedelic alone. A method of enhancing positive effects of a psychedelic, by inhibiting serotonin transport in an individual, increasing levels of endogenous monoamines in the individual, and stimulating 5-HT2A receptors in the individual. A composition including an antidepressant and a psychedelic in the same dosage form.

Abstract: Method of dosing and treating patients with a psychedelic, by administering a psychedelic at a dose of a microdose, minidose, psychedelic dose, good effect dose, ego-dissolution dose, or cardiovascular safe dose, and producing maximum positive subjective acute effects that are known to be associated with more positive long-term outcomes and minimizing negative acute effects. Method of determining a dose of a psychedelic for an individual, by administering a dose of a psychedelic to the individual of a microdose, minidose, psychedelic dose, good effect dose, ego-dissolution dose, or cardiovascular safe dose, determining positive acute effects and negative acute effects in the individual, and adjusting the dose to provide more positive acute effects than negative acute effects in the individual. Methods of treating psychiatric conditions or providing therapy. Method of defining therapeutic doses of a psychedelic in clinical trials. Method of monitoring individuals for depression after treatment with LSD.

Abstract: A composition of a compound represented by FIG. 1 for use in substance-assisted therapy. A method of changing neurotransmission, by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of FIG. 1 to a mammal, interacting with serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the mammal, in particular also human beings, and inducing psychoactive effects. A method of treating a patient having adverse reactions to psychedelics by administering a desoxyscaline derivative to the patient, and avoiding adverse effects present with psychedelics. A method of changing neurotransmission of an individual, by administering a desoxyscaline derivative, and changing neurotransmission in the individual.

Abstract: A method of dosing LSD in treating patients, by assessing genetic characteristics in the patient by identifying polymorphisms of CYP2D6 before use of a composition chosen from the group consisting of LSD, analogs thereof, derivatives thereof, and salts thereof, administering the composition to the patient based on the patient genetics, wherein a 50% dose is administered in a patient with non-functional CYP2D6 compared to a dose in functional CYP2D6 individuals, and producing maximum positive subjective acute effects in the patient and/or reducing anxiety and negative effects. A method of determining a preferred dose of LSD.

Abstract: A method of dosing and treating patients with a psychedelic, by administering a psychedelic at a dose of a microdose, minidose, psychedelic dose, good effect dose, ego-dissolution dose, or cardiovascular safe dose, and producing maximum positive subjective acute effects that are known to be associated with more positive long-term outcomes and minimizing negative acute effects. A method of determining a dose of a psychedelic for an individual, by administering a dose of a psychedelic to the individual of a microdose, minidose, psychedelic dose, good effect dose, ego-dissolution dose, or cardiovascular safe dose, determining positive acute effects and negative acute effects in the individual, and adjusting the dose to provide more positive acute effects than negative acute effects in the individual. Methods of treating psychiatric conditions or providing therapy. A method of defining therapeutic doses of a psychedelic in clinical trials.

Abstract: A compound including a prodrug having a psychoactive base substance attached to an amino acid. A method of treating an individual, by administering proMDMA, a proMDMA-like compound, or proR(-)MDMA to the individual, metabolizing the prodrug, and releasing the MDMA or MDMA-like substance in the individual. A method of reducing anxiety while administering MDMA, by providing a slow release of MDMA, an MDMA-like substance or R(-)MDMA thereby reducing anxiety in the individual at the onset of administration. A method of personalized medicine, by evaluating an individual and determining if there are characteristics present that would not be suitable for MDMA treatment and administering proMDMA, a proMDMA-like substance, or proR(-)MDMA to the individual. A method of reducing abuse of MDMA, by administering proMDMA, a proMDMA-like substance, or proR(-)MDMA, and providing a delayed and attenuated effect of MDMA or a MDMA-like substance, thereby reducing abuse.

Abstract: A composition for use in substance-assisted therapy, wherein: R is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl, and R? is C1-C5 branched or unbranched alkyl with the alkyl optionally substituted with F1-F5 fluorine substituents up to a fully fluorinated alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents such as F1-F5 fluorine and/or C1 - C2 alkyl, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)-C1-C2 branched or unbranched alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as F1-F5 fluorine and/or C1-C2 alkyl, or C2-C5 branched or unbranched alkenyl with E or Z vinylic, cis or trans allylic, E or Zallylic or other double bond position in relation to the attached ether function, where any of the carbons of the branched or unbranched alkenyl substituent is optionally substituted independently with one or more C1-C2 alkyl, with F1-F5 fluorine or with D1-D5 deuteron substituents.

Abstract: A composition including R-MDMA, S-MDMA, or specific (not 1:1 as in racemic MDMA) combinations of these two enantiomers of racemic MDMA as well as R-MDA, S-MDA, and a combination that is not 1:1 of R-MDA and S-MDA. A method of treating an individual, especially in substance-assisted psychotherapy by administering the composition to the individual. A method of personalized medicine, by evaluating an individual who is in need of MDMA treatment and determining if there are characteristics of the individual present that would not be suitable for MDMA treatment, and administering the composition to the individual. A method of reducing abuse of MDMA by an individual, by administering R-MDMA to the individual and thereby reducing abuse.

Abstract: A method of enhancing positive effects of a psychedelic, by inducing a positive psychological state in an individual with an empathogen/entactogen, administering a psychedelic to the individual, and enhancing a positive response to the psychedelic. A composition including an entactogen/empathogen and a serotonergic psychedelic in the same dosage form or administered as separate compositions within a combination treatment schedule. A method of enhancing positive effects of a psychedelic, by inducing the release of endogenous monoamines, and subsequently stimulating 5-HT2A receptors.

Abstract: A composition of a compound represented by FIG. 1 for use in substance-assisted therapy. A method of changing neurotransmission, by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of FIG. 1 to a mammal, interacting with serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the mammal, in particular also human beings, and inducing psychoactive effects. A method of treating a patient having adverse reactions to psychedelics by administering a desoxyscaline derivative to the patient, and avoiding adverse effects present with psychedelics. A method of changing neurotransmission of an individual, by administering a desoxyscaline derivative, and changing neurotransmission in the individual.

Abstract: A composition for use in substance-assisted therapy, wherein: R is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl, and R? is C1-C5 branched or unbranched alkyl with the alkyl optionally substituted with F1-F5 fluorine substituents up to a fully fluorinated alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents such as F1-F5 fluorine and/or C1-C2 alkyl, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)-C1-C2 branched or unbranched alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as F1-F5 fluorine and/or C1-C2 alkyl, or C2-C5 branched or unbranched alkenyl with E or Z vinylic, cis or trans allylic, E or Z allylic or other double bond position in relation to the attached ether function, where any of the carbons of the branched or unbranched alkenyl substituent is optionally substituted independently with one or more C1-C2 alkyl, with F1-F5 fluorine or with D1-D5 deuteron substituents.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing a pharmacological compound substance by attaching a psychoactive base substance to an amino acid and creating a prodrug with modified pharmacological behavior. A prodrug made by the method. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a prodrug of a psychoactive base substance attached to an amino acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Abstract: A method of treating a patient with a psychedelic, by administering either a dose of LSD to the patient that is equivalent to a known dose of psilocybin with desired acute and therapeutic effects, or administering a dose of psilocybin to the patient that is equivalent to a known dose of LSD with desired acute and therapeutic effects. A method of treating a patient with LSD, by administering a dose of LSD to the patient equivalent to those of psilocybin known to be associated with positive long-term therapeutic outcomes. A method of determining a dose of a psychedelic or the dose-equivalence to another psychedelic to be administered to an individual, by administering a dose of a psychedelic to an individual, determining positive acute effects and negative acute effects in the individual, and adjusting the dose to provide more positive acute effects than negative acute effects in the individual.