Abstract: A differential protection device monitors a first object to be protected in an electrical energy supply network. The differential protection device has a measuring unit configured to acquire measurement values at one end of the first object to be protected, a communication unit configured to exchange measurement values with a differential protection device arranged at another end of the first object to be protected, the communication unit has a physical interface for transmitting and receiving the measurement values, and an evaluation unit configured to form a differential value and to generate a fault signal indicating a fault with regard to the first object to be protected if the differential value exceeds a predefined threshold value. Ideally, the differential protection device is configured to monitor further objects to be protected and to exchange respective further measurement values with regard to each further object to be protected.

Abstract: A differential protection method for monitoring a line of a power grid. Current phasor measured values are captured at the ends of the line and transmitted to an evaluation device which is used to form a differential current value with current phasor measured values temporally allocated to one another. Time delay information indicating the time delay between local timers of the measuring devices is used for the temporal allocation of the current phasor measured values captured at different ends, and a fault signal indicating a fault affecting the line is generated if the differential current value exceeds a predefined threshold value. The reliability of the time synchronization is further increased by forming a quotient of the current phasor measured values to form an asymmetry variable, that is used to check a transit time difference of messages transmitted via the communication connection in different directions.

Abstract: A differential protection device monitors a first object to be protected in an electrical energy supply network. The differential protection device has a measuring unit configured to acquire measurement values at one end of the first object to be protected, a communication unit configured to exchange measurement values with a differential protection device arranged at another end of the first object to be protected, the communication unit has a physical interface for transmitting and receiving the measurement values, and an evaluation unit configured to form a differential value and to generate a fault signal indicating a fault with regard to the first object to be protected if the differential value exceeds a predefined threshold value. Ideally, the differential protection device is configured to monitor further objects to be protected and to exchange respective further measurement values with regard to each further object to be protected.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-ion sensor (1) for measuring ions in aqueous systems comprising a flexible or semi-flexible substrate (11), a reference electrode (13) applied to the substrate (11), at least three working electrodes (15a, 15b, 15c) applied to the substrate (11), wherein the substrate (11), the reference electrode (13) and the working electrodes (15a, 15b, 15c) form an ion-selective sensor unit (101), a connection device (17) for the ion-selective sensor unit (101) and a sensor housing (19) which accommodates an assembly of ion-selective sensor unit (101) and connection device (17), wherein the reference electrode (13) has dimensions of max. 4 mm×4 mm×4 mm. The present invention is furthermore directed to a flow measuring cell (3) for measuring ions in aqueous systems as well as to a respective method for measuring ions in aqueous systems and a system for measuring ions in aqueous systems and for adjusting the ion contents in the aqueous systems.

Abstract: Vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers for various photonic devices including all optical logic gate devices and oscillators, where such devices can be implemented to achieve various advantages, including Boolean inversion at high speeds, low power, workable noise margins for cascadability because of input output isolation, and easy of integration in large arrays.

Abstract: Vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers for various photonic devices including all optical logic gate devices and oscillators, where such devices can be implemented to achieve various advantages, including Boolean inversion at high speeds, low power, workable noise margins for cascadability because of input output isolation, and easy of integration in large arrays.

Abstract: An unmanned cruise missile includes a swingable tracker having a homing head which detects targets using optical, infra-red, and/or radar wavelengths. The homing head is mounted on an internal two-axis cardanic roll-pitch tracking system which includes a cylinder mounted for rotation about a roll axis. The homing head is mounted on a pitch bearing which is rotatable relative to the cylinder about a pitch axis. The homing head is rotatable relative to the pitch bearing about a yaw axis. A mirror of the homing head has a recess formed therein to enable the homing head to swing a greater distance without abutting the cylinder.

Abstract: A missile, in particular for combatting moving targets, has several propulsion units arranged one after the other along the longitudinal axis of the missile. At least two propulsion units arranged one after the other can be operated simultaneously, and the missile contains an ignition control that is set up for optional ignition of these propulsion units at the same time or successively.