Abstract: A system and method for monitoring a state-of-charge (SOC) of a battery, where the system includes a sensor and a controller. The sensor provides a measurement signal that can track changes of a nominal volume of the battery by either measuring a size or pressure of the battery, where the nominal volume is the volume that the electrolyte, anode, cathode and current collectors would occupy if unconstrained. The controller is programmed to use a function to estimate the SOC from the measurement signal. The function can be established after constructing and finding a repeatable charging and discharging curve of the battery that graphs the measurement signal compared to the SOC of the battery.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring a state-of-charge (SOC) of a battery, where the system includes a sensor and a controller. The sensor provides a measurement signal that can track changes of a nominal volume of the battery by either measuring a size or pressure of the battery, where the nominal volume is the volume that the electrolyte, anode, cathode and current collectors would occupy if unconstrained. The controller is programmed to use a function to estimate the SOC from the measurement signal. The function can be established after constructing and finding a repeatable charging and discharging curve of the battery that graphs the measurement signal compared to the SOC of the battery.

Abstract: A fuel cell system that includes a first fuel cell stack and a second fuel cell stack in a divided stack design. A first water vapor transfer unit is used to humidify the cathode inlet to the first divided stack and a second water vapor transfer unit is used to humidify the cathode inlet air to the second divided stack. The cathode exhaust gas from the divided stacks is used to provide the humidification for the water vapor transfer units. In order to provide relative humidity balancing between the first and second divided stacks, the cathode inlet air flowing through one of the WVT units is sent to one of the divided stacks that receives the cathode exhaust gas from the other divided stack and vice versa.

Abstract: To carry out measurements in the vacuum, for example for quality control in the production of semiconductors, conventional stand alone measuring machines are installed. They are very cost, space and time intensive. To enable a process oriented measurement under optimal conditions, a device with a two part case is proposed that can be moved in a vacuum chamber, whereby one part of the case projects into the vacuum chamber and the other part of the case is located outside the vacuum chamber. The case can receive a measurement system. In addition, an adjusting device, engaging with the case, and a counterpull device, engaging with the second part of the case, are provided.

Abstract: To carry out measurements in the vacuum, for example for quality control in the production of semiconductors, conventional stand alone measuring machines are installed. They are very cost, space and time intensive. To enable a process oriented measurement under optimal conditions, a device with a two part case (20, 21) is proposed that can be moved in a vacuum chamber, whereby one part of the case (21) projects into the vacuum chamber and the other part of the case (20) is located outside the vacuum chamber. The case (20, 21) can receive a measurement system (34). In addition, an adjusting device (25), engaging with the case (20, 21), and a counterpull device (39), engaging with the second part of the case (20), are provided.