Abstract: The invention relates to a process for processing hard metal, in particular hard metal scrap, wherein the hard metal is alloyed with a low-melting alloy metal in a reaction space of a reactor (10) with a heat supply, wherein the alloy metal is converted into a vapor phase in the presence of inert gas, and wherein the alloy metal is subsequently at least partially condensed in a condensation step, and wherein an overpressure relative to ambient pressure is present in the reaction space at least during the condensation phase. According to the invention, provision is made in particular for the inert gas to be permanently supplied to the reaction chamber at least temporarily during the condensation phase from an inert gas source (60) disposed outside of the reaction chamber via an inert gas supply line (61), and for the inert gas to be discharged from of the condenser (30) into the environment at least at certain intervals during the condensation phase.

Abstract: In a method for display of at least one medical finding, at least one part of a body of a patient is shown on a display medium in a body view. A localization in the body of the patient is associated with each finding, and the localizations are marked at a point in the body view corresponding to the localization. The display medium is interactively operable, and a data set associated with the corresponding finding is displayed on the display medium by interaction with a marked localization.

Abstract: An electromagnetic injection valve is proposed. The electromagnetic valve includes two magnetic coils that are wound in opposite directions and have the same characteristics on the same magnetic circuit, causing the forces of the magnetic coils to cancel each other out at the same excitation current. The two magnetic coils with canceling effect transforms the actual turn-on action of the valve, i.e., the opening of, the valve, into a turn-off action in one of the two coils. A rapid current drop is then determined by an extinction voltage. This makes it possible to achieve rapid force increase times without increasing the supply voltage. The valve can be controlled with a conventional switching output stage or with a current-regulated switching output stage. Reversing a differential current at turn-off also makes it possible to shorten the closing action.

Abstract: A method for cooling a fuel injection system and fuel injection systems are proposed that improve the hot-starting performance of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A fuel injection method for an internal combustion engine, an injection being implemented either in homogeneous normal operation or in inhomogeneous stratified operation. In doing so, a characteristic value for knock is detected in at least one cylinder of the internal combustion engine in inhomogeneous stratified operation. At least the one cylinder is switched over from inhomogeneous stratified operation to homogeneous normal operation if the detected characteristic value of the one cylinder meets a predetermined first criterion.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine is provided with an injection valve with which fuel can be injected directly into a combustion chamber either during a compression phase in a first operating mode or during an intake phase in a second operating mode. In addition, a control unit is provided for shifting between the two operating modes and for differentiated control and/or regulation of the performance quantities that influence the actual torque of the internal combustion engine as a function of a setpoint torque in both operating modes. A change in the actual torque during a shifting operation is determined by the control unit, and at least one of the performance quantities is influenced by the control unit as a function thereof.

Abstract: A method for cooling a fuel injection system and fuel injection systems are proposed that improve the hot-starting performance of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine in for a motor vehicle in (1) is described. The internal combustion engine (1) has an injection valve with which fuel can be injected directly into a combustion chamber either during a compression phase in a first operating mode or during an intake phase in a second operating mode. In addition, a control unit is provided for shifting between the two operating modes and for differential control and/or regulation of the performance quantities that influence the actual moment of the internal combustion engine in both operating modes as a function of a setpoint moment. A change in the actual moment during a shifting operation is determined by the control unit and at least one of the performance quantities is influenced by the control unit as a function thereof.

Abstract: In a method of and device for providing data of a model for determination of characteristic variables for controlling an internal combustion engine, in particular an internal combustion engine with direct injection or suction pipe injection, for each predetermined operation point of the internal combustion engine at least one local model in particular of low order is provided with data.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine, in particular for a motor vehicle, is described. The internal combustion engine is equipped with an injection valve with which fuel can be injected directly into a combustion chamber either, in a first operating mode, during a compression phase or, in a second operating mode, during an intake phase. Also provided is a control device for switching between the two operating modes and for differing open-loop and/or closed-loop control, in the two operating modes, of the operating variables influencing the actual torque of the internal combustion engine as a function of a reference torque. A change in the actual torque during a switchover is operation is detected by the control device and as a function thereof, at least one of the operating variables is influenced by the control device.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine especially for a motor vehicle is described which is provided with an injection valve (11) with which fuel from a tank (3) can be injected directly into a combustion chamber either in a first mode of operation (S) during a compression phase or in a second mode of operation (H) during an induction phase. Furthermore, the internal combustion engine is provided with a control apparatus (10) for controlling (open loop and/or closed loop) the engine. A line (13) is provided via which vaporized fuel from the tank (3) can be conducted into the combustion chamber in the second mode of operation (H).

Abstract: In a system for the closed-loop control of the supercharging of an internal-combustion engine, a manipulated variable is produced by means of a controller in dependence upon the deviation between a desired supercharging and an actual supercharging. With this manipulated variable, a final controlling element is triggered, which influences the supercharging of the internal-combustion engine. The controller parameters of the controller are repeatedly optimized. To this end, a model for the internal-combustion engine is specified, inclusive of a charging device, and the model parameters are determined from the manipulated variable and the actual supercharging. Controller parameters are determined from the model parameters and relayed to the controller. Moreover, in certain operating states, the controller parameters are stored in start-up characteristic maps. The start-up characteristic maps supply the initial values for the controller parameters each time the closed-loop control is activated.

Abstract: The method of detecting knocking of an internal combustion engine includes generating a sensor signal with a knock sensor provided with the internal combustion engine; digitizing the knock sensor signal to form a digitized signal; high-pass filtering the resulting digitized signal to form a high-frequency signal; counting amplitudes of oscillations the high-frequency signal which are greater than a first threshold value (P1) to form an amplitude count; integrating an absolute value of the high-frequency signal to obtain an integrated signal; comparing the integrated signal to a second threshold value (P2); and generating an output signal indicating that knocking is occurring when the amplitude count is at least one and when the integrated signal is greater than the second threshold value (P2).

Abstract: A method for recognizing a power stroke of each cylinder in a four-stroke engine calls for sensing a parameter of a cylinder in the engine for producing a signal of the parameter, the parameter being selected from the group consisting of pressure and knocking, and comparing the signal with a threshold value for determining whether the signal exceeds the threshold value and thereby is indicative of the cylinder being in a corresponding combustion stroke. In addition to sensing the pressure and knocking of the cylinder, sensing of sound signals from the cylinder is also employed in order to determine power and intake strokes of the cylinders.

Abstract: For eliminating acceleration knocking in spark ignition engines, the ignition is retarded when the engine is in dynamic operation by an amount which is optimized for the ambient conditions present at the start of each dynamic operation. The occurrence of knocking of the engine during acceleration is detected, and the amount of change of an engine operation parameter for a next acceleration is adjusted depending on whether or not the knocking during acceleration is occurring.

Abstract: The method for closed-loop knock control of a internal combustion engine, includes retarding the ignition angle when at least one cylinder knocks and then resetting the ignition angle at a later time. For internal combustion engines with a turbocharger, the method also includes reducing the boost pressure when an ignition-angle limiting value dependent on an exhaust gas temperature is reached, and then increasing the boost pressure again as soon as the ignition-angle limiting value is again crossed due to resetting of the ignition angle. The ignition angle and boost pressure values established are stored as a function of the respective operating condition of the internal combustion engine for adaptive process control and used as starting values when the same engine operating conditions are again reached.

Abstract: A method of and a device for monitoring combustion in a spark ignition internal combustion engine having a combustion chamber and a discharge system wherein a discharge voltage is monitored for determining whether combustion in the combustion chamber takes place.

Abstract: A method for recognition of the power stroke of an internal combustion engine is proposed, in which recognition as to whether a cylinder is currently in the power stroke is possible by means of camparison of a signal that is synchronous with the crankshaft angle and a signal that is modulated by the combustion events of the engine.

Abstract: A first control unit of a multiple function control system for a motor vehicle engine controls a function, such as fuel injection, for which it is desirable to provide an engine load signal measured by the amount of air drawn or forced into the engine per unit of time, determined by what is generally known as an air quantity meter. A second control unit of the control system controls the timing of an electrical ignition system for which it has been conventional to supply an engine load signal derived from a pressure transducer.