Abstract: Disclosed is a cylindrically-shaped hollow rod which is closed at one end, comprising a shirred tubular casing, and an integral, essentially cylindrically-shaped, plug-type closure element which is coaxially arranged in the cavity of the hollow rod and which comprises a deshirred tubing portion and an irregularly folded, compressed tubing portion, wherein a first one of the tubing portions is adjacent to the inside wall of the hollow rod, and the second tubing portion is surrounded by the first tubing portion, wherein one end of the first tubing portion, which points in the direction of the open end of the hollow rod, is bent back at an angle of 180.degree. and integrally changes into the second portion, and wherein the other end of the first tubing portion integrally changes into the hollow rod. Also disclosed is a process for producing the hollow rod having the end closure according to the invention.

Abstract: Disclosed is a smoke-permeable, nonreinforced film comprising regenerated cellulose, for manufacturing tubular sausage casings which have a seam extending in the direction of their longitudinal axis. The film has a wet tear strength of from about 18 to 30 N/mm.sup.2, both in the longitudinal and transverse directions, a degree of orientation in the range from about 1 to 1.2, and a number of alternate bends ranging from about 5,000 to 8,000 in the longitudinal direction, and from about 9,000 to 16,000, in the transverse direction.Also disclosed is a process for producing the film in which viscose is extruded in the form of a web, thereafter precipitated by treating it with a heated casting solution and then regenerated into cellulose hydrate gel. The casting solution used to precipitate the viscose comprises, per liter of solution, at least about 160 g of sulfuric acid and at least about 300 g of sodium sulfate and the molar ratio sulfuric acid/sodium sulfate is in the range from about 0.7 to 0.9.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for coating the outside surface of a length of tubing comprising the steps of coating the outside surface of the tubing with an initial layer of coating liquid, transporting the coated tubing along its longitudinal axis in a substantially vertically upward direction; passing the coated tubing through a constriction of predetermined width to reduce the thickness of the initial layer and form a thin layer of desired thickness on the outside of the tubing; leveling the thin layer without reducing the weight per unit area of the thin layer to form a layer of uniform thickness; and exposing the tubing to heat of a sufficient temperature to solidify the coating liquid and form an uninterrupted film of uniform thickness on the outside of the tubing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for forming an uninterrupted coating of uniform thickness on the inside of a length of tubing which comprises the steps of forming a loop of tubing with a downwardly inclined portion and an upwardly inclined portion; filling the cavity of the tubing forming the loop with a coating liquid; transporting the tubing along its longitudinal axis in a substantially vertically upward direction to coat the inside of the tubing, above the level of the coating liquid, with an initial layer of coating material; constricting the tubing to lay partially flat along a narrow zone running transverse to the direction of transportation above the level of the coating liquid to retain the greater part of the coating liquid in the constriction zone and form a thin layer of coating liquid of desired thickness on the inside; of the tubing issuing from the constriction zone; filling the cavity of the tubing issuing from the constriction zone with support gas; and exposing the tubing to the action of heat at a s

Abstract: Disclosed is a tubular packaging material to produce a sausage casing comprising a carrier tubing comprised of hydrate and containing in its wall from about 5 to 12% by weight of water and from about 18 to 28% by weight of a plasticizer; an anchoring layer on the outside of the carrier tubing of a water-insoluble heat-cured synthetic condensation product; a film coating on the outside of the carrier tubing which is substantially impermeable to water and water vapor and which comprises a copolymer of vinylidene chloride; and a water-permeable adhesion-promoting layer on the inside surface of the carrier tubing, comprising a water-insoluble, heat-cured condensation product. The carrier tubing is characterized by a swelling value in the range from about 80 to 120%, and the tubular packaging, after soaking in water at a temperature between about 40.degree. to 50.degree. C.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tubular packaging material for sausage casings, comprising a carrier tubing comprised of cellulose hydrate and containing in its wall from about 5 to 12% by weight of water and from about 18 to 28% by weight of a plasticizer; and a coating on the inside and on the outside of the carrier tubing of a water-insoluble heat-cured synthetic condensation product wherein the carrier tubing is characterized by a swelling value in the range from about 80 to 120%, and the tubular packaging material, after soaking in water at a temperature between about 40.degree. to 50.degree. C. for a period of about 30 minutes and subsequent cooling to about room temperature, is characterized by dimensions in the wet state which are 2 to 6% greater than those before the soaking in water. Also disclosed are methods for preparing the packaging material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a viscose membrane suitable for hemodialysis, comprising a viscose membrane substantially equally oriented in the longitudinal and in the transverse directions, having in the dry state a birefringence in each direction of not more than about 6.times.10.sup.-3 and a phase difference of not more than about 150 nm, and wherein during transition from a dry into a wet state, the membrane undergoes a shrinkage of between about 0.5 and 10 percent both in the longitudinal and in the transverse directions. The membrane is produced by a process which is characterized in that the membrane is transversely stretched by 40 to 120% prior to drying.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multiple layered film preferably in the form of a tube and being suitable for forming sausage casings, comprising: a central layer of a cellulose hydrate-based material; a first layer on the inside of the central layer, comprising a film of thermoplastic synthetic resinous material and being impermeable to water and water vapor; and a second layer on the outside of the central layer, comprising a synthetic elastic copolymer and being permeable to water and water vapor. Also disclosed is a method for preparing these film products.

Abstract: A shaped article, especially a tubing, is disclosed which comprises a plasticized cellulose hydrate composition comprising a cellulose hydrate and a plasticity enhancing amount of at least one substantially water insoluble plasticizing ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid containing from about 9 to about 24 carbon atoms and a polyalcohol comprising at least two hydroxy groups at least one of which is esterified with said aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and water and/or a plasticizer.Such shaped articles can be prepared by mixing a viscose solution with a liquid containing the plasticizing ester, introducing the resulting mixture into a precipitating bath and drying the precipitated shaped body. Tube-shaped articles are especially suited as sausage casings.

Abstract: Disclosed is a packaging material, preferably a sausage casing, comprising a layer based on cellulose hydrate, having a coating on one surface, this coating comprising a mixture of chemically different compounds comprising, as the first major component thereof, a natural oil comprising a vegetable oil, a triglyceride mixture of saturated vegetable fatty acids having from about 4 to 14 carbon atoms in their carbon chain, or a mixture thereof, and as the second minor component thereof, a chemically modified starch, a partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol or a micro-crystalline cellulose. Also disclosed is a process for manufacturing such sausage casings.

Abstract: A shaped article, especially a tubing, is disclosed which comprises a plasticized cellulose hydrate composition of high mechanical strength which is obtained by reacting a plasticized cellulose composition obtained by treating cellulose hydrate with a plasticity-enhancing amount of at least one plasticizing alkyl derivative which comprises an alkyl containing from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms and which is selected from the group consisting of alkylamido-bis-dimethylene-triazinone-tetramethylol, alkylamino-bis-dimethylene-triazinone-tetramethylol, a substantially water insoluble ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid containing from about 9 to about 25 carbon atoms, and a polyalcohol, such as glycerol or polyethylene glycol with a cyclic dimethylolurea derivative, and water and/or a plasticizer.

Abstract: Disclosed are fiber-reinforced articles made of chemically-modified protein, such as sausage casings, and a method of producing such articles characterized by the steps of reacting a solution of a protein such as casein with at least two types of chemical modifying agents.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the production of a thermoplastic synthetic material of chemically modified protein, which comprises mixing an aqueous alkaline protein solution with an aqueous solution of a tetrafunctional, doubly unsaturated, organic compound of the general formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group with 1 to 18 carbon atoms,R.sub.2 is hydrogen or an alkyl group with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, andR.sub.3 is hydrogen or an alkyl group with 1 to 3 carbon atoms,Subjecting the mixture to a dwell time, causing a precipitating liquid to act upon it, freeing the formed precipitate from excess liquid, and drying. The invention also relates to a shaping material of plastic material of chemically modified protein and a chemical plasticizer. The invention also relates to a plastic material of modified protein.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the production of a thermoplastic synthetic material of chemically modified protein which comprises mixing an aqueous alkaline protein solution with an aqueous solution of a tetrafunctional, doubly unsaturated compound of the general formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen or an alkyl group with 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, carbon atoms, andR.sub.3 is the group --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --, n being an integer from 1 to 8, or the group ##STR2## in which R.sub.4 is an alkyl group with 1 to 18 carbon atoms, SUBJECTING THE LIQUID MIXTURE TO A DWELL TIME, CAUSING A PRECIPITATING LIQUID TO ACT UPON THE LIQUID, VISCOUS MIXTURE, FREEING THE FORMED PRECIPITATE FROM EXCESS LIQUID, DRYING, MIXING THE PRECIPITATE WITH AN AT LEAST BIFUNCTIONAL, SATURATED, ORGANIC COMPOUND, AND SUBJECTING THE MIXTURE TO HEAT AND PRESSURE. The invention also relates to a plastic material of chemically modified protein.