Abstract: An upsampling filter for video coding is described. The upsampling filter is configured to upsample an input frame of video from a first resolution to a second resolution, the second resolution being higher than the first resolution. The upsampling filter has a set of filter coefficients that are configured to modify the output of the upsampling filter to apply a predicted average modifier. In examples, the predicted average modifier is defined as a difference between an average of a data block of pixels at the second resolution following application of the upsampling filter and a corresponding pixel value at the first resolution before application of the upsampling filter.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for encoding input data in an encoder to generate encoded output data, wherein the method includes: instructing the conversion of the input data into base-layer reconstruction data using a down-sampled version of the input data; and generating enhancement-layer data that provides instructions for enhancing the base-layer reconstruction data, wherein the enhancement-layer data comprises residual data representing a difference between a reconstruction generated from the base-layer reconstruction data and data derived from the input data, wherein the residual data are subjected to at least one transform and at least one data compression method to generate the encoded output data, characterized in that the method includes: arranging for the at least one transform to include a Hadamard transform to convert the residual data to corresponding transform coefficients, wherein different output elements of the Hadamard transform are arranged as different surfaces to be encoded, a