Abstract: Techniques are discussed herein for executing log-based driving simulations to evaluate the performance and functionalities of vehicle control systems. A simulation system may execute a log-based driving simulation including playback agents whose behavior is based on the log data captured by a vehicle operating in an environment. The simulation system may determine interactions associated with the playback agents, and may convert the playback agents to smart agents during the driving simulation. During a driving simulation, playback agents that have been converted to smart agents may interact with additional playback agents, causing a cascading effect of additional conversions. Converting playback agents to smart agents may include initiating a planning component to control the smart agent, which may be based on determinations of a destination and/or driving attributes based on the playback agent.

Abstract: Techniques are discussed herein for executing log-based driving simulations to evaluate the performance and functionalities of vehicle control systems. A simulation system may execute a log-based driving simulation including playback agents whose behavior is based on the log data captured by a vehicle operating in an environment. The simulation system may determine interactions associated with the playback agents, and may convert the playback agents to smart agents during the driving simulation. During a driving simulation, playback agents that have been converted to smart agents may interact with additional playback agents, causing a cascading effect of additional conversions. Converting playback agents to smart agents may include initiating a planning component to control the smart agent, which may be based on determinations of a destination and/or driving attributes based on the playback agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for vapour phase crystal growth to produce multiple single crystals in one growth cycle comprising one central source chamber, a plurality of growth chambers, a plurality of passage means adapted for transport of vapour from the source chamber to the growth chambers, wherein the source chamber is thermally decoupled from the growth chambers.

Abstract: A detector device is described comprising an x-ray detector structure having a detection surface defining at least one separately addressable region for detecting incident x-ray radiation intensity thereon, wherein the separately addressable region is divided into a plurality of sub-regions provided on the detection surface each provided with a filter layer on the detection surface, the filter layers of a given separately addressable region comprising discrete and different materials with discrete defined and spectroscopically spaced x-ray absorption edges. A method of device manufacture, and an apparatus and method for the inspection and characterization of materials employing such a detector device, are also described.

Abstract: A structure including a substrate, an intermediate layer provided and formed directly onto the substrate, a transition region, and a group II-VI bulk crystal material provided and formed as an extension of the transition region. The transition region acts to change the structure from the underlying substrate to that of the bulk crystal. In a method of manufacture, a similar technique can be used for growing the transition region and the bulk crystal layer.

Abstract: Apparatus for vapor phase growing of crystals having a single multi-zone heater arranged to heat a heated zone to give a predetermined temperature profile along the length of the heated zone. A generally U-shaped tube having a first limb, a second limb, and a linkage connecting the first and second limbs is located on the heated zone. The first limb contains a source material. The second limb supports a seed such that the source material and seed are spaced longitudinally within the heated zone to provide a predetermined temperature differential between the source and seed. The crystal is grown on the seed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for obtaining radiation interaction data from an object to enable better determination of the composition of the object. A radiation source and a radiation detector system are used to collect both transmitted and scattered radiation, preferably including radiation from at least one forward scatter mode. The detector system is capable of detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolvable information about incident radiation. Each intensity dataset is resolved across at least three of energy bands within the spectrum of the source, and this data may then be processed numerically to enable better determination of the composition of the object.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for obtaining radiation transmission data from a liquid in such manner that allows some data about relative proportions of constituent ingredients to be derived is described. A radiation source and a radiation detector system able to resolve transmitted intensity across a plurality of frequencies within the spectrum of the source are used to produce transmitted intensity data for each such frequency. Measured data is compared numerically to a mass attenuation data library storing mass attenuation data, individually or collectively, for a small number of expected constituent ingredients of the liquid to fit each intensity data item to the relationship given by the exponential attenuation law: I/IO=exp [?(?/?) ?t] in respect of the constituent ingredients and derive therefrom an indication of relative proportions of each constituent ingredient.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating and displaying an image of an object is described and includes a radiation source and a series of at least two linear detectors capable of detecting incident radiation after transmission through an object to define a scanning zone there between. The object is moved relative to and through the scanning zone in successive passes along at least two linear directions at an angle to each other. An image generation apparatus generates for each successive pass at least a first image from the first linear detector, a second image from the second linear detector, and a third image. An image display is adapted successively to display at least the first, second and third images and display the monocular movement parallax between the images. Each image is processed before display to reduce distortion attributable to beam spreading in a direction perpendicular to a scan direction.

Abstract: An apparatus for crystal growth including a source chamber configured to contain a source material, a growth chamber, a passage for transport of vapour from the source chamber to the growth chamber, and a support provided within the growth chamber that is configured to support a seed crystal. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the support is greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the growth chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for vapour phase crystal growth comprising an envelope assembly with a one source module defining at least one source volume, a growth module defining at least one growth volume, and a manifold module defining at least one manifold volume. The source module, manifold module and growth module are configured co-operably to define a fluidly continuous envelope volume including a flow restrictor between the source volume and the growth volume. A vacuum vessel containing one or more of the envelope assemblies. An evacuator to evacuate the vacuum vessel. A fluid communication path between the envelope volume and the vacuum vessel associated with each source volume at a location on the source volume side of its associated flow restrictor. A closure mechanism is configured to restrict the fluid communication path between each source volume and the vacuum vessel. A method of employing such an apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for the collection and interpretation of radiographic data from an object scanned by a suitable radiation source. A radiation detector system is provided that is detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolved information. An object is scanned from a plurality of perspectives, and the resultant data from each perspective resolved into at least three spectroscopic energy bands. For each such resolved spectroscopic energy band an image analysis is performed to derive depth slicing to produce a series of output datasets each comprising a 2-D dataset of intensity information resolved to a single energy band and depth slice.

Abstract: A method and system for facilitating the identification and/or authentication of objects, and to a method and system for the marking of objects with an identity and/or as of authentic origin, and a set of objects marked to facilitate subsequent identification and/or authentication are described. The marking comprises incorporating into an object or part thereof or onto a tag mechanically engaged therewith a marker material exhibiting a characteristic radiation interaction response to incident high-energy ionizing radiation from a test source that is known to vary spectroscopically across the spectrum of the source. The presence or otherwise of the marker material may be determined by subsequent interrogation of an object with a suitable radiation source and detector to infer whether an object is of marked identity or origin.

Abstract: A detector device is described comprising an x-ray detector structure having a detection surface defining at least one separately addressable region for detecting incident x-ray radiation intensity thereon, wherein the separately addressable region is divided into a plurality of sub-regions provided on the detection surface each provided with a filter layer on the detection surface, the filter layers of a given separately addressable region comprising discrete and different materials with discrete defined and spectroscopically spaced x-ray absorption edges. A method of device manufacture, and an apparatus and method for the inspection and characterisation of materials employing such a detector device, are also described.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for obtaining radiation interaction data related to an image of an object. The method involves using a detector system for detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolvable information about incident radiation, and collecting one or more datasets of information at the detector after interaction with an object. Each dataset is resolved across at least three frequency bands within the spectrum of the source. The ratio between measured intensities is evaluated for at least two pairs of such frequency bands in a given intensity dataset to obtain a numerical indicator in functional relationship with a material property. The numerical indicator is then compared with a library of data characteristics of target materials. An apparatus is also disclosed for inspection of materials.

Abstract: Device and method of forming a device in which a substrate (10) is fabricated with at least part of an electronic circuit for processing signals. A bulk single crystal material (14) is formed on the substrate, either directly on the substrate (10) or with an intervening thin film layer or transition region (12). A particular application of the device is for a radiation detector.

Abstract: Device and method of forming a device in which a substrate (10) is fabricated with at least part of an electronic circuit for processing signals. A bulk single crystal material (14) is formed on the substrate, either directly on the substrate (10) or with an intervening thin film layer or transition region (12). A particular application of the device is for a radiation detector.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating and displaying an image of an object is described and includes a radiation source and a series of at least two linear detectors capable of detecting incident radiation after transmission through an object to define a scanning zone there between. The object is moved relative to and through the scanning zone in successive passes along at least two linear directions at an angle to each other. An image generation apparatus generates for each successive pass at least a first image from the first linear detector, a second image from the second linear detector, and a third image. An image display is adapted successively to display at least the first, second and third images and display the monocular movement parallax between the images. Each image is processed before display to reduce distortion attributable to beam spreading in a direction perpendicular to a scan direction.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for obtaining radiation interaction data from an object to enable better determination of the composition of the object. A radiation source and a radiation detector system are used to collect both transmitted and scattered radiation, preferably including radiation from at least one forward scatter mode. The detector system is capable of detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolvable information about incident radiation. Each intensity dataset is resolved across at least three of energy bands within the spectrum of the source, and this data may then be processed numerically to enable better determination of the composition of the object.

Abstract: A tracking device for tracking with a radioactive material, a container including such a device, and a tracking method are described. The device has a radiation detector associatable with a radioactive material adapted to be placed in use within a container defining a radiation-shielded enclosure for containing a radioactive material, to detect radiation activity from the material. A RF identification module associatable with the container includes a data register to store a unique product identification code, a processor with a data transfer link to the radiation detector and data register to receive and process a live data stream of activity data from the detector and associate this with the unique product identification code in a processed data packet, and an antenna to enable transmission of a data item comprising both the unique product identification code and processed activity data to a remote data capture means.