Abstract: A structural latch is provided for mechanically joining vehicle coupling mechanisms such as spacecraft coupling and berthing mechanisms. The structural latch is manually operable to join the coupling mechanisms. Each structural latch is configured to be readily removable from the joined coupling mechanisms in the event the latch becomes inoperable so as to effect coupling mechanism separation.

Abstract: A docking apparatus for coupling two spacecraft comprises a rigid pressure vessel having an interior passage, and first and second docking ports communicating with said interior passage. The planes of the docking ports form an oblique angle with respect to each other, causing the docked spacecraft to assume a canted or inclined relationship. The cant angle eliminates mechanical interference between the adjoining structures of the docked spacecraft. Methods for carrying out docking between spacecraft are also disclosed.

Abstract: A modular spacecraft system adapted for orbital flight is capable of expansion by the connection of at least two substantially identical spacecraft modules, each of which is capable of independent operation. Each spacecraft module comprises a spacecraft body, at least one solar array extendible outwardly from the spacecraft body, and at least one structural interface means for connecting one spacecraft module to another spacecraft module. Methods for deployment of a spacecraft module and for assembly of a modular spacecraft system utilizing a reusable space vehicle are also disclosed.

Abstract: A spacecraft is disclosed which comprises a spacecraft body, at least one solar array extendible outwardly from the spacecraft body, and articulation means for adjusting the position of the solar array relative to the spacecraft body independently about three axes, each of which is orthogonal to the axis adjacent to it. Each articulation means comprises a first rotatable coupling for permitting rotation of the solar array about a first axis substantially parallel to the surface of the spacecraft body, a second rotatable coupling for permitting rotation of the solar array about a second axis normal to the first axis, and a third rotatable coupling for permitting rotation of the solar array about a third axis normal to the second axis and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the array.

Abstract: A spacecraft is adapted for orbital flight in two alternative modes, referred to as the earth-oriented and quasi sun-oriented modes. The spacecraft comprises a spacecraft body, at least one solar array extendible outwardly from the spacecraft body, passive attitude control means utilizing gravity gradient stabilization means which is extendible and retractable relative to the spacecraft body, and active attitude control means. The gravity gradient stabilization means is effective when extended to stabilize the spacecraft in the earth-oriented mode, and the active attitude control means is effective to stabilize the spacecraft in the quasi sun-oriented mode.