Abstract: A method of regulating water hardness for an aquatic recreational body of water by the steps of determining the water hardness, preferably determining the calcium ion content, and reducing the water hardness, preferably removing the calcium ions, based on a function of the determined water hardness and a target water hardness range using electrochemically assisted ion exchange technique. A system for regulating water hardness for an aquatic recreational body of water comprising a water hardness sensor, a water hardness reduction unit, and a control circuit in communication with the sensor and the water hardness reduction unit. Preferably the water hardness reduction unit uses an electrochemically assisted ion exchange process.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a nanoparticle production system and methods of using the system. The nanoparticle production system includes a plasma gun including a male electrode, a female electrodes and a working gas supply configured to deliver a working gas in a vortexing helical flow direction across a plasma generation region. The system also includes a continuous feed system, a quench chamber, a cooling conduit that includes a laminar flow disruptor, a system overpressure module, and a conditioning fluid purification and recirculation system.