Abstract: A formulation graph convolution network (F-GCN) with multiple GCNs assembled in parallel and connected to filters and an external learning architecture is able to predict the effectiveness of a formulation. Input into the multiple GCNs are molecular structures of formulants, which are processed as molecular graphs and output as molecular descriptors. The molecular descriptors are filtered by normalized ratios or fractions of the ingredient molecules in a formulation, such as a battery electrolyte or solvent. A formulation descriptor combines the filtered molecular descriptors to arrive at a predicted performance for the formulation, such as the battery capacity for an electrolyte formulation, by an external learning architecture. F-GCN may use a pre-trained GCN with physico-chemical properties of known molecular structures.

Abstract: A rechargeable metal halide battery shows increased metal halide utilization with the introduction of electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives into a metal halide cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material. The electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives include nitrogen-doped carbon, such as nitrogen-doped single layer graphene, and oxygen-enriched carbon, such as acid-treated carbon black. The modified batteries utilize 20-30% more metal halide than unmodified batteries resulting in enhanced specific capacity and energy density.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery is disclosed. The rechargeable battery includes an anode, a cathode including a lithium-ion intercalation host, and an electrolyte including a solvent and a halogen-containing compounding that functions as an active cathode conversion material, wherein the electrolyte is in contact with the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: A rechargeable metal halide battery shows increased metal halide utilization with the introduction of electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives into a metal halide cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material. The electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives include nitrogen-doped carbon, such as nitrogen-doped single layer graphene, and oxygen-enriched carbon, such as acid-treated carbon black. The modified batteries utilize 20-30% more metal halide than unmodified batteries resulting in enhanced specific capacity and energy density.

Abstract: An enhanced metal-sulfur battery that is exposed to an oxidizing gas prior to and/or during battery operation overcomes the redox shuttle inherent in traditional metal-sulfur batteries. The enhanced metal-sulfur battery has either a sulfur cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material or a hybrid metal halide-sulfur cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material. In contrast to traditional metal-sulfur batteries, which have high theoretical capacity, but very low stability, the enhanced metal-sulfur battery shows both high capacity and high stability.

Abstract: A rechargeable metal halide battery with an optimized active cathode electrolyte solution has high energy density and does not require charging following fabrication. The optimized active cathode electrolyte solution includes (i) a mixture of a metal halide and its corresponding halogen dissolved in an organic solvent at a concentration ratio greater than 0.5 and (ii) an oxidizing gas. The organic solvent is a nitrile-based compound and/or a heterocyclic compound. Glyme may be added to the organic solvent to improve battery performance.

Abstract: A rechargeable metal halide battery shows increased metal halide utilization with the introduction of electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives into a metal halide cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material. The electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives include nitrogen-doped carbon, such as nitrogen-doped single layer graphene, and oxygen-enriched carbon, such as acid-treated carbon black. The modified batteries utilize 20-30% more metal halide than unmodified batteries resulting in enhanced specific capacity and energy density.

Abstract: A rechargeable metal halide battery with an optimized active cathode electrolyte solution has high energy density and does not require charging following fabrication. The optimized active cathode electrolyte solution includes (i) a mixture of a metal halide and its corresponding halogen dissolved in an organic solvent at a concentration ratio greater than 0.5 and (ii) an oxidizing gas. The organic solvent is a nitrile-based compound and/or a heterocyclic compound. Glyme may be added to the organic solvent to improve battery performance.

Abstract: A rechargeable metal halide battery with an optimized electrolyte formulation shows high capacity at fast charging rates. The optimized electrolyte includes a metal halide, an oxidizing gas, and a mixed-solvent solution that includes a glyme-based compound that is in a volume fraction of between 20-70 volume % of the mixed-solvent solution. The mixed-solvent solution may further include a nitrile compound and/or a heterocyclic compound.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a coated anode. The coated anode includes a metallic anode in contact with an electrically non-conductive star polymer coating. The star polymers in the star polymer coating include a core with at least 3 arms attached to the core. At least some of the arms of the star polymers have ionically conductive polar functional groups.