Abstract: A flexographic apparatus including a plate having a relief pattern for printing on a substrate to be printed is provided with a temperature control, preferably embedded within a stage for supporting the substrate to be printed. The substrate to be printed may be controlled at a temperature above 30.degree. C.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, particularly a ferroelectric liquid crystal device, is constituted by disposing a liquid crystal disposed between a pair of rubbing-treated substrates. The uniaxial alignment control force exerted by rubbing is gradually weakened as the rubbing treatment is successively applied to a large number of substrates. This is compensated by varying a rubbing condition, such as a relative moving speed, a rotational speed, or a pressing depth against the substrate of a rubbing roller. Alternatively, such a change in uniaxial alignment control force with time may be utilized for compensating for a difference in uniaxial alignment control force attributable to a difference in stripe electrode extension relative to the rubbing direction.

Abstract: A flexographic apparatus including a plate having a relief pattern for printing on a substrate to be printed is provided with a temperature control, preferably embedded within a stage for supporting the substrate to be printed. The substrate to be printed may be controlled at a temperature above 30.degree. C. Patterned organic polymer films and inorganic oxide films can be formed.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device is prepared by disposing a ferroelectric liquid crystal between a pair of electrode plate structures Each electrode plate structure is formed by coating a electrode pattern on a substrate with a multi-layer insulating layer including two insulating layers formed through difference processes. In a preferred embodiment, the first insulating layer is formed by sputtering of an inorganic oxide and the second insulating layer is formed as an inorganic oxide layer formed through wet-coating and calcination. The multi-layer insulating layer structure is effective for preventing occurrence of short circuit between opposite electrodes and providing a good alignment characteristic particularly when combined with a polyimide alignment film.