Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for translating speech from one language to another language during telephonic communications. Speech is converted from a first language to a second language as a user speaks with another user. If the translation operation is symmetric, speech is converted from the second language to the first language in the opposite communications direction. A received speech signal is processed to determine a symbolic representation containing phonetic symbols of the source language and to insert prosodic symbols into the symbolic representation. A translator translates a digital audio stream into a translated speech signal in the target language. Furthermore, a language-independent speaker parameter may be identified so that the characteristic of the speaker parameter is preserved with the translated speech signal. Regional characteristics of the speaker may be utilized so that colloquialisms may be converted to standardized expressions of the source language before translation.