Abstract: A spectroscopic system for the analysis of small quantities of substances makes use for the purposes of energy transfer of cone-shaped aperture changers which are arranged in the object zone between the light source and the sample and, during absorption measurements, also between the sample and the inlet slot of a spectrometer. A microcell system is provided in the object space. The microcell system comprises a cylindrical cell tube with a hollow core for receiving a sample liquid. The cell tube and the sample liquid being adjustable with respect to the refractive index such that they act as a step waveguide for radiation, the sample liquid forming the core and the wall of the cell tube forming the sheath of the step waveguide.

Abstract: The invention concerns an optical system for use in spectrometry and/or endoscopy, in which at least one probe is exposed to directional radiation produced by a radiation source, the radiation emanating from the probe is led to a spectrometer, in particular a simultaneous spectrometer, and/or an imaging device. It is proposed that the optical system should be provided with at least one control device with an radiation inlet surface and a radiation outlet surface; the control device should be provided with control elements held by a frame and capable of being displaced from a first position in such a way that the radiation energy transferred from the radiation inlet surface to the radiation outlet surface can be controlled while leaving the radiation outlet aperture substantially unchanged.

Abstract: A spectroscopic system for the analysis of small and very small quantities of substances makes use for the purposes of energy transfer of cone-shaped aperture changers (14, 15) which are arranged in the object zone (8) between the light source (L) and the sample (9) and, during absorption measurements, also between the sample (9) and the inlet slot (3) of a spectrometer (1). If the form used is a double cone, the aperture changers (14, 15) facilitate an oblique coupling in a capillary tube accepting the sample (9) which acts as a step-waveguide for the coupled radiation.

Abstract: An unmetallized grating is mounted on an optically transparent body is subjected to radiation which passes through the body and strikes the flanks of the grating grooves at an angle that is larger than the critical angle of the total reflection.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for optical strain measurement are disclosed. Prior to the deformation or loading of the object to be tested, the latter is provided with a thin transparent film which adheres well to the object and has a thickness between 3 and 20 .mu.m. After the deformation or during loading, the wavelength-dependent intensity course developed because of the interference of the portion of the beam of light reflected and superimposed at the boundary surfaces of the transparent film is measured and evaluated by a computer.

Abstract: A particularly durable and thermally stable chassis (housing, frame, or body) for optical instruments is obtained by the use of compacted ceramic material. The coefficient of thermal expansion of this material can be made equal to that of the optical glass used. It is particularly favorable to develop the chassis as a three-dimensional hollow structure.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for determining the spectral characteristic of the refractive index of a liquid or a gas wherein the specimen is enclosed between two boundary surfaces spaced apart between 1 and 50 .mu.m. The surfaces are at least approximately parallel to each other. The boundary surfaces cause interferences when illuminated with white light passing through the surfaces. The interferences are measured by a spectrometer in their wavelength-dependent course and are thereafter evaluated.

Abstract: The invention is directed to objectives for imaging small regions with a large aperture angle. The objectives include two aspheric bodies made of optically isotropic material wherein the deflection of the light rays is achieved by total reflection on the outer surfaces. The light entry surfaces and light exit surfaces are configured as spherical surfaces having center points at least approximately coincident with the focal points of the aspheric bodies.

Abstract: For mounting the optical components of optical apparatus in an adjusted manner, the optical components are either adjusted and permanently fixed in or on shaped component bodies having accurately defined dimensions, or are produced on such bodies at an accurate location and with accurate alignment. Then, the shaped component bodies are assembled in a defined manner, so that the optical components assume the precisely correct location relative to one another.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a through-flow cuvette which can be assembled and wherein the cuvette body is made of two cuvette halves. The cuvette halves are placed one atop the other at their planar surfaces. Convex recesses are formed in these planar surfaces and define the inlet and outlet channels as well as the measuring space.

Abstract: In an instrument for spectral measurement in the bloodstream, the light-guide probe is developed with a diameter of, at most, 0.5 mm. By plug connections with precisely defined positions of the light guides, the light guide probe is connected to an illuminating device having a xenon lamp and to a diode line spectrometer. The diode line spectrometer has an aperture ratio which includes the aperture of the light guide without trimming or vignetting.

Abstract: For the adjustment and mounting of an optical component in an optical instrument, the optical component is held by an adjusting device not forming part of the instrument. After the adjusting process is completed, the component is attached to the instrument by a liquid or pasty substance which solidifies with slight change in volume. The optical component or its mount and the instrument are so developed that a form-locked, force-locked, or adherence-locked attachment is produced between them. The adjusting process can be made objective by a position-resolving receiver; the evaluation of the adjustment image and the carrying out of the adjustment movements can be effected by a computer which can also carry out the entire adjustment process completely automatically. After the firm attachment of the optical component to the instrument, the adjusting device is removed.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a method and apparatus for automatically performing digital measurement of vertex dioptric powers in the principal planes of toric spectacle lenses. A spectacle lens is transilluminated by a parallel-ray bundle of monochromatic light which, after passage through the spectacle lens, is limited by an annular stop in the immediate vicinity of the vertex of the spectacle lens. A beamsplitter divides the light which passes through the spectacle lens into two individual light beams. As a result, an elliptical figure is projected to two planes, in each of which is located at least one self-scanning diode line.