Abstract: A composition-of-matter comprising a plurality of particles is disclosed herein, the particles comprising a substance reversibly releasing an alkali metal while decreasing in volume and absorbing the alkali metal while increasing in volume. Some or all of the particles are encapsulated within a volume enclosed by a shell or matrix which conducts cations of the alkali metal, wherein a volume of the substance upon maximal absorption of the alkali metal does not exceed the volume enclosed by a shell or matrix. Further disclosed herein is a process for preparing a composition-of-matter by coating particles comprising the aforementioned substance with a conductor of cations of the alkali metal, when the substance is saturated with the alkali metal, as well as electrochemical half cells and batteries including the composition-of-matter.

Abstract: A composition-of-matter comprising a plurality of particles is disclosed herein, the particles comprising a compound (e.g., an element or a mixture of elements) which forms an alloy with an alkali metal and/or an alloy of an alkali metal with said compound. The alloy is characterized by reversibly releasing the alkali metal and absorbing the alkali metal. Some or all of the particles are encapsulated within a volume enclosed by a shell or matrix which conducts cations of the alkali metal, wherein a volume of the alloy upon maximal absorption of the alkali metal does not exceed the volume enclosed by a shell or matrix. Further disclosed herein is a process of preparing a composition-of-matter, which is effected by coating particles comprising an alloy saturated with the alkali metal with a conductor of cations of the alkali metal, as well as electrochemical half cells and batteries including the composition-of-matter.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprising at least one precious metal, wherein the catalyst composition is capable of catalyzing, in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in a regenerative fuel cell. This disclosure relates to electrodes comprising those catalysts that are useful in fuel cells. The catalysts are active towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and porous electrodes are made in a process designed to control their porosity. The catalysts and electrodes are employed in regenerative fuel cells comprising hydrogen and halogen acid or mixture of halogen acids. The catalysts are particularly useful in hydrogen/bromine reduction/oxidation reactions. The catalysts exhibit highly acceptable life and performance.

Abstract: A composition-of-matter comprising a plurality of particles is disclosed herein, the particles comprising a compound (e.g., an element or a mixture of elements) which forms an alloy with an alkali metal and/or an alloy of an alkali metal with said compound. The alloy is characterized by reversibly releasing the alkali metal and absorbing the alkali metal. Some or all of the particles are encapsulated within a volume enclosed by a shell or matrix which conducts cations of the alkali metal, wherein a volume of the alloy upon maximal absorption of the alkali metal does not exceed the volume enclosed by a shell or matrix. Further disclosed herein is a process of preparing a composition-of-matter, which is effected by coating particles comprising an alloy saturated with the alkali metal with a conductor of cations of the alkali metal, as well as electrochemical half cells and batteries including the composition-of-matter.

Abstract: A composition-of-matter comprising a plurality of particles is disclosed herein, the particles comprising a substance reversibly releasing an alkali metal while decreasing in volume and absorbing the alkali metal while increasing in volume. Some or all of the particles are encapsulated within a volume enclosed by a shell or matrix which conducts cations of the alkali metal, wherein a volume of the substance upon maximal absorption of the alkali metal does not exceed the volume enclosed by a shell or matrix. Further disclosed herein is a process for preparing a composition-of-matter by coating particles comprising the aforementioned substance with a conductor of cations of the alkali metal, when the substance is saturated with the alkali metal, as well as electrochemical half cells and batteries including the composition-of-matter.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to energy storage and generation systems, e.g., combination of flow battery and hydrogen fuel cell, that exhibit operational stability in harsh environments, e.g., both charging and discharging reactions in a regenerative fuel cell in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions. This disclosure also relates to energy storage and generation systems that are capable of conducting both hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HORs) in the same system. This disclosure further relates to energy storage and generation systems having low cost, fast response time, and acceptable life and performance.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprising at least one precious metal, wherein the catalyst composition is capable of catalyzing, in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in a regenerative fuel cell. This disclosure relates to electrodes comprising those catalysts that are useful in fuel cells. The catalysts are active towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and porous electrodes are made in a process designed to control their porosity. The catalysts and electrodes are employed in regenerative fuel cells comprising hydrogen and halogen acid or mixture of halogen acids. The catalysts are particularly useful in hydrogen/bromine reduction/oxidation reactions. The catalysts exhibit highly acceptable life and performance.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to energy storage and generation systems, e.g., combination of flow battery and hydrogen fuel cell, that exhibit operational stability in harsh environments, e.g., both charging and discharging reactions in a regenerative fuel cell in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions. This disclosure also relates to energy storage and generation systems that are capable of conducting both hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HORs) in the same system. This disclosure further relates to energy storage and generation systems having low cost, fast response time, and acceptable life and performance.