Abstract: The subject invention relates to proton exchange membranes comprising a carbon cluster derivative that comprises a plurality of functional groups so as to be capable of transferring a plurality of protons between each of the functional groups of the carbon cluster derivative, wherein the proton conductor further comprises a dry gel material in addition to the carbon cluster derivative. The proton conductor is usable, even in a dry state, in a wide temperature range including ordinary temperature to an intermediate temperature of about 250° C. An electrochemical device, such as a fuel cell, that employs the proton conductor is not limited by atmospheric conditions and can be of a small and simple construction. The proton conductor may be formed into useful thin films by casting suspensions containing both the carbon cluster derivatives and the chemical precursors of the dry gel material. On exposure to water, sol gel reactions form a wet gel material.