Abstract: A membrane structure is provided. The membrane structure includes a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and a second layer disposed on the first layer. The second layer has a plurality of unconnected pores. Each of the unconnected pores is in fluid communication with at least one of the interconnected pores of the first layer. A method of making a membrane structure is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and disposing a second layer on the first layer. Disposing a second layer includes depositing a conducting layer on the first layer; and anodizing the conducting layer to convert the conducting layer into a porous layer.

Abstract: A device includes a first thermally conductive substrate having a first patterned electrode disposed thereon and a second thermally conductive substrate having a second patterned electrode disposed thereon, wherein the first and second thermally conductive substrates are arranged such that the first and second patterned electrodes are adjacent to one another. The device includes a plurality of nanowires disposed between the first and second patterned electrodes, wherein the plurality of nanowires is formed of a thermoelectric material. The device also includes a joining material disposed between the plurality of nanowires and at least one of the first and second patterned electrodes.

Abstract: A template is provided on a substrate with a pattern of nanoscale pores extending through to the substrate. The template may be, for example, porous anodic alumina. Self-assembling molecules are then introduced to the template, such as by immersing a template in a solution of these molecules. The self-assembling molecules have a bonding group that will bond with the substrate. The result is that the self-assembling molecules, possibly after being triggered to self-assemble, assemble to form nanoscale islands in the pores. Optionally, thereafter the template may be stripped from the substrate.