Abstract: Catalytic reactions are taught using air or oxygen for oxidative chemical conversion of primary alcohols to aldehydes and for secondary alcohols to ketones in a vapor phase at ambient pressure. The catalytic process converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, n-propanol to propionaldehyde, 2-propanol to acetone, and other alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. The catalysts are based on molecular strings of di-, tri- and/or poly-groups of transition metal complexes possessing a specific degree of symmetry. Laboratory results have demonstrated [vanadium (II)]2, [chromium (II)]2, [manganese (II)]2, [cobalt (II)]2 oxalate and symmetric transition metal catalysts to be effective for oxidative catalytic conversion of primary alcohols to products comprising related aldehydes and secondary alcohols to products comprising ketones.

Abstract: Aldehyde and ketone reactants are converted to hydroxyaldehydes, polyhydroxyaldehydes, hydroxyketones and/or polyhydroxyketones in liquid phase by an aldol condensation process where a selected product carbon chain length is produced using specific concentrations of soluble inorganic base at sub-ambient temperature.

Abstract: Aldehyde and ketone reactants are converted to hydroxyaldehydes, polyhydroxyaldehydes, hydroxyketones and/or polyhydroxyketones in liquid phase by an aldol condensation process where a selected product carbon chain length is produced using specific concentrations of soluble inorganic base at sub-ambient temperature.

Abstract: A composition for the cleaning of residues from substrates can contain from about 0.01 percent by weight to about 5 percent by weight of one or more fluoride compounds, from about 20 percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight water, from about 20 percent by weight to about 80 percent by weight of an organic amide solvent and from 0 to about 50 weight percent of an organic sulfoxide solvent. The composition can have a pH between about 7 and about 10, alternately from greater than 8 to about 10. Additionally, the composition optionally can contain corrosion inhibitors, chelating agents, surfactants, acids, and/or bases. In use of the composition, a substrate can advantageously be contacted with the composition for a time and at a temperature that permits cleaning of the substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to chemical mechanical polishing of substrates using an abrasive and a fluid composition, wherein certain organosulfonic acid compounds are used as oxidizers, and particularly relates to a method of polishing substrates comprising copper, tungsten, titanium, and/or polysilicon using a chemical-mechanical polishing system comprising organosulfonic acids having an electrochemical oxidation potential greater than 0.2V as an oxidizer.

Abstract: Catalytic processes have been developed for direct ambient air oxidative conversion of hydrocarbons to aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols. Aliphatic hydrocarbons including methane, hexanes, octanes, decanes, gasoline, diesel fuel, oils, solvents and other organic compounds have been oxidized by this catalytic process. The catalysts are based on molecular strings of di-, tri- and/or poly-groups of transition metal complexes. Laboratory results have demonstrated [iron(II)]2, [manganese(II)]2 and related families of catalysts to be effective for ambient air direct oxidative conversion of hydrocarbons to products in high yields at room temperature and above, while [cobalt(II)]3 was effective for air oxidative conversion of methane to formaldehyde and for other gaseous hydrocarbons to their corresponding aldehydes at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: Catalytic processes have been developed for direct ambient air oxidative conversion of hydrocarbons to aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols. Aliphatic hydrocarbons including methane, hexanes, octanes, decanes, gasoline, diesel fuel, oils, solvents and other organic compounds have been oxidized by this catalytic process. The catalysts are based on molecular strings of di-, tri- and/or poly-groups of transition metal complexes. Laboratory results have demonstrated [iron(II)]2, [manganese(II)]2 and related families of catalysts to be effective for ambient air direct oxidative conversion of hydrocarbons to products in high yields at room temperature and above, while [cobalt(II)]3 was effective for air oxidative conversion of methane to formaldehyde and for other gaseous hydrocarbons to their corresponding aldehydes at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A method is provided for detecting the presence of organic materials in an aqueous sample. The materials are decomposed by simultaneous exposure to ultraviolet radiation and acoustic energy to decompose the materials to simple decomposition products. The simple decomposition products such as ammonium ion, halogen ion, alkyl ammonium ions, or sulfate ions, are then detected by conventional analytical devices and methods.

Abstract: In a solar heating panel, the panel includes a plate-like solar collector having a serpentine shaped fluid conduit soldered to the plate collector in heat exchange relation therewith. Laterally directed manifolds are provided at opposite ends of the collector and are coupled in fluid communication with the serpentine flow path for coupling a plurality of such solar heating panels in parallel across a manifold structure. The panels include frame structures having a pair of elongated side frame members closed at opposite ends by means of end members with the side and end members having slots formed therein in registration one with the other such that when the side members are mated to the end members, the slots are in registration to define the side ports in the frame for passage therethrough of said manifold conduits.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon monoxide and synthetic coal by treating carbohydrates with acid in the absence of any appreciable gaseous oxygen.