Abstract: A photoalignment agent is provided. The photoalignment agent includes a copolymer of ii) at least one of a cyclobutanedianhydride (CBDA) and a cyclobutanedianhydride (CBDA) derivative, and ii) a diamine, and the diamine includes an electron donor group.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first alignment layer, a second alignment layer and a liquid crystal layer. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer each include a polyimide compound polymerized by cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride derivative.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a display device includes: a stage on which a substrate to be processed is supported, the substrate to be processed including a first alignment layer of the display device; an optical system facing the substrate to be processed which is supported on the stage, the optical system including a light source which irradiates ultraviolet rays to the substrate to be processed; and a mask which is interposed between the light source and the substrate to be processed which includes the first alignment layer of the display device. The mask defines: a transmitting portion thereof through which the ultraviolet rays irradiated from the light source are transmitted to the first alignment layer of the substrate to be processed, and a blocking portion thereof which blocks transmission of the ultraviolet rays irradiated from the light source to the substrate to be processed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes: a substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the substrate; a protection layer disposed on the thin film transistor; a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the protection layer; an alignment layer disposed on the second electrode; and a roof layer facing the second electrode, wherein a plurality of microcavities are formed between the second electrode and the roof layer, the microcavities include a liquid crystal material, and the alignment layer includes a photo-alignment material.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a display device includes: a stage on which a substrate to be processed is supported, the substrate to be processed including a first alignment layer of the display device; an optical system facing the substrate to be processed which is supported on the stage, the optical system including a light source which irradiates ultraviolet rays to the substrate to be processed; and a mask which is interposed between the light source and the substrate to be processed which includes the first alignment layer of the display device. The mask defines: a transmitting portion thereof through which the ultraviolet rays irradiated from the light source are transmitted to the first alignment layer of the substrate to be processed, and a blocking portion thereof which blocks transmission of the ultraviolet rays irradiated from the light source to the substrate to be processed.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display that includes: a first substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate; a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor; and a first alignment layer disposed on the first electrode. The first alignment layer is formed by polymerizing a diamine and at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and a cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivative. A decomposition efficiency representing a change in imidization ratio included before and after light exposure of the first alignment layer is in a range of 10% to 30%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel gene derived from a tidal flat metagenome, and a novel protein obtained therefrom showing the coactivity of phospholipase and lipase. Specifically, the novel gene isolated from the metagenome library of tidal flat sediments and the protein having phospholipase and lipase activities encoded from the novel gene: are expressed in a water-soluble form to be mass-producible; enable ultra high-purity protein to be obtained through single step purification using an Ni-NTA column; show good activity in the pH range of 5˜10; maintain good low temperature activity and stability up to a temperature of 3° C. to 40° C.; and have high resistance against various organic solvents. Therefore, the novel gene and the protein can be usefully used for various industrial fields such as the purification and conversion of oil and fat, bio-medicine, and fine chemistry.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing or treating renal diseases. The composition of the present invention improves lipid metabolism, prevents histological damage including renal fibrosis, alleviates microalbuminuria, and maintains nephrons of renal glomeruli. Therefore, the composition is useful for treating renal diseases.

Abstract: A photoreactive material layer includes an upper portion and a lower portion each including a uniformly aligned crosslinked photoreactive material, wherein the upper portion includes a first portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material and a second portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material, wherein the first portion of the photoreactive material and the second portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material are crosslinked with each other and aligned in a first direction, and the lower portion includes a third portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material and a fourth portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material, wherein the third portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material and the fourth portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material are crosslinked with each other and aligned in the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel gene derived from a tidal flat metagenome, and a novel protein obtained therefrom showing the coactivity of phospholipase and lipase. Specifically, the novel gene isolated from the metagenome library of tidal flat sediments and the protein having phospholipase and lipase activities encoded from the novel gene: are expressed in a water-soluble form to be mass-producible; enable ultra high-purity protein to be obtained through single step purification using an Ni-NTA column; show good activity in the pH range of 5˜10; maintain good low temperature activity and stability up to a temperature of 3° C. to 40° C.; and have high resistance against various organic solvents. Therefore, the novel gene and the protein can be usefully used for various industrial fields such as the purification and conversion of oil and fat, bio-medicine, and fine chemistry.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a photo-alignment layer, includes: disposing a polymer material on a substrate; pre-baking the polymer material disposed on the substrate; irradiating a light to the pre-baked polymer material, to photo-align the pre-baked polymer material; and thermal-treating the irradiated pre-baked polymer material, to harden the irradiated pre-baked polymer material. The thermal-treating includes a first thermal-treatment, and a second thermal-treatment at a higher temperature than the first thermal-treatment.

Abstract: A photoalignment agent is provided. The photoalignment agent includes a copolymer of ii) at least one of a cyclobutanedianhydride (CBDA) and a cyclobutanedianhydride (CBDA) derivative, and ii) a diamine, and the diamine includes an electron donor group.

Abstract: A photoalignment agent is provided. The photoalignment agent includes a copolymer of at least one of a cyclobutanedianhydride (CBDA) and a cyclobutanedianhydride (CBDA) derivative, and a realignment property diamine, wherein two or more aromatic rings in the realignment property diamine are connected by an ester group.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first alignment layer, a second alignment layer and a liquid crystal layer. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer each include a polyimide compound polymerized by cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride derivative.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display that includes: a first substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate; a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor; and a first alignment layer disposed on the first electrode. The first alignment layer is formed by polymerizing a diamine and at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and a cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivative. A decomposition efficiency representing a change in imidization ratio included before and after light exposure of the first alignment layer is in a range of 10% to 30%.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a photo-alignment layer, includes: disposing a polymer material on a substrate; pre-baking the polymer material disposed on the substrate; irradiating a light to the pre-baked polymer material, to photo-align the pre-baked polymer material; and thermal-treating the irradiated pre-baked polymer material, to harden the irradiated pre-baked polymer material. The thermal-treating includes a first thermal-treatment, and a second thermal-treatment at a higher temperature than the first thermal-treatment.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes: a substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the substrate; a protection layer disposed on the thin film transistor; a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the protection layer; an alignment layer disposed on the second electrode; and a roof layer facing the second electrode, wherein a plurality of microcavities are formed between the second electrode and the roof layer, the microcavities include a liquid crystal material, and the alignment layer includes a photo-alignment material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal photoalignment agent is provided. The liquid crystal photoalignment agent is a copolymer of a cyclobutane dianhydride (“CBDA”) and a CBDA derivative.

Abstract: A photoreactive material layer includes an upper portion and a lower portion each including a uniformly aligned crosslinked photoreactive material, wherein the upper portion includes a first portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material and a second portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material, wherein the first portion of the photoreactive material and the second portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material are crosslinked with each other and aligned in a first direction, and the lower portion includes a third portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material and a fourth portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material, wherein the third portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material and the fourth portion of the crosslinked photoreactive material are crosslinked with each other and aligned in the first direction.

Abstract: A novel cable television (CATV) signal tuning method, which is capable of reducing the time taken to tune CATV signals transmitted via a cable, comprises (a) determining, in response to a mode determination signal, one of harmonical related carriers (HRC), interval related carrier (IRC) and standard (STD) transmission modes as a definitive transmission mode for a plurality of channels, to thereby produce mode information of the definitive transmission mode; (b) storing the mode information; and (c) fine-tuning, in response to a channel selection signal, a CATV signal from a selected channel based on the definitive transmission mode represented by the stored mode information.