Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus having a densitometer, which measures material density located on a substrate by detecting and analyzing only a single diffuse electromagnetic energy signal reflected off of the density of material located on the substrate. Specifically, the apparatus must first be compensated for environmental and individual machine differences using a high density of the material. Moreover, once compensated, the apparatus is calibrated to determine the relationship between diffuse signals and material density. This relationship is calculated by sampling a clean substrate and low densities of the material. Once the relationship is determined, densities of material can be calculated given a corresponding diffuse signal. The calibrated and compensated density calculations enable accurate monitoring and adjustment of the electrophotographic apparatus color toner development systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to an electrographic apparatus and more specifically to an improved structural arrangement in electrographic apparatus of the type having a densitometer, which arrangement achieves improved measuring of marking particle density on a photoreceptor or the like. Wherein, use of a charge-coupled device (CCD) allows for a pixel-by-pixel recordation of the photo intensity reflected off of the photoreceptor and toner test patch. Therefore, as a result of the increased sensitivity of the toner measuring, it is possible to measure denser patches of toner, both black as well as color. Thus allowing for accurate monitoring of the amount of toner capable of being placed onto a photoreceptor.

Abstract: An electrographic apparatus having a densitometer, which achieves improved measuring of marking particle density on a photoreceptor or the like. The measuring method detects both specular and diffuse light reflected off of the photoreceptor containing marking particles. A compensation ratio is generated from a high density marking particle patch, and is used to compensate the marking particle density to both changing environmental conditions and differences between individual machines. Thus, a more accurate specular signal is calculated which is an accurate indicator of toner density of mass per unit of area concentration. These concentration measures enable accurate adjustments of the electrographic apparatus color toner development systems.

Abstract: A non-black colored toner DMA sensor arrangement includes a light emitting device for illuminating a toner/surface substrate with light of a wavelength to which colored toners are non-absorbing, and to which the imaging surface is either partially absorbing or transmissive. Light is reflected from the toner predominantly by either scattering or multiple reflections to produce a significant component of diffusely reflected light. A sensor is arranged for detection of the diffusely reflected light, at an angle that does not detect the specularly reflected component of reflected light. An increasing level of diffusely reflected light indicates an increased density of toner coverage per unit area.

Abstract: Laser light from a common source is split and conveyed through two similar optical fibers and emitted at their respective ends to form an interference pattern, one of the optical fibers having a portion thereof subjected to a strain. Changes in the strain cause changes in the optical path length of the strain fiber, and generate corresponding changes in the interference pattern. The interference pattern is received and transduced into signals representative of fringe shifts corresponding to changes in the strain experienced by the strained one of the optical fibers. These signals are then processed to evaluate strain as a function of time, typical examples of the application of the apparatus including electrodeposition of a metallic film on a conductive surface provided on the outside of the optical fiber being strained, so that strains generated in the optical fiber during the course of the electrodeposition are measurable as a function of time.

Abstract: A device for detecting neutrons comprises a layer of conductive polymer sandwiched between electrodes, which may be covered on each face with a neutron transmissive insulating material layer. Conventional electrodes are used for a non-imaging integrating total neutron fluence-measuring embodiment, while wire grids are used in an imaging version of the device. The change in conductivity of the polymer after exposure to a neutron flux is determined in either case to provide the desired data. Alternatively, the exposed conductive polymer layer may be treated with a chemical reagent which selectively binds to the sites altered by neutrons to produce an image of the flux detected.

Abstract: A reversible measuring means for measuring material moving past a station in a forward direction while taking into account movement in a reverse direction comprising a main counter for counting in the forward direction and a reversible counter for counting up from a fixed count and counting down to said fixed count, detector means delivering output signals indicative of the forward and reverse directions of movement and quantity of material moving past a station, and control means receiving signals from said detector means and activating said main counter for counting material moving past said station in the forward direction when the reversible counter has said fixed count and activating said reversible counter for counting up when material moves past said station in the reverse direction and counting down to said fixed count when said material moves in the forward direction.