Abstract: An ice making apparatus includes a tray made of a thermally conductive material which has two opposite sides. Each side has a plurality of cavities for receiving water, when facing up. The water is frozen to form ice units conforming to the shape of the cavities. The cavities are shaped to have a smooth contour and are coated with a non-wetting material. After the water in the cavities in the side of the tray that is facing up is frozen, the tray is rotated such that the ice units are dislodged and are collected in a receptacle. The other side of the tray is now filled with water; the heat of the water flows thermally to the opposite side. An embodiment also includes a mechanically driven finger bar with prongs to dislodge the ice.

Abstract: A deformable mirror (DM) embodying the invention includes a reflective layer attached to the front surface of a solid monolithic block of a ceramic material. A plurality of holes is drilled from the back surface with the top end of each hole being terminated a predetermined distance below the front surface. Conductors, functioning as actuators, are inserted into each hole to apply a localized electric field at the top end of the hole. Each one of the electric fields is used to create local deformation of the front surface of the block and the corresponding portion of the reflective layer.

Abstract: A method for pulping a fibrous lignocellulosic material includes a pretreatment step wherein the lignocellulosic material is reacted with a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of amino acids, monocarboxylic acids and polycarboxylic acids preferably having from two to six carbon atoms. The chelating agent reacts with calcium ions in the material to form stable, water-soluble calcium complexes so as to avoid scaling, and the treated material requires a significantly lower energy input to undergo refining using either a mechanical or thermomechanical pulping method.

Abstract: A deformable mirror (DM) embodying the invention includes a reflective layer attached to the front surface of a solid monolithic block of a ceramic material. A plurality of holes is drilled from the back surface with the top end of each hole being terminated a predetermined distance below the front surface. Conductors, functioning as actuators, are inserted into each hole to apply a localized electric field at the top end of the hole. Each one of the electric fields is used to create local deformation of the front surface of the block and the corresponding portion of the reflective layer.

Abstract: Electronic imaging apparatus includes a main mirror that rotates about two transverse axes to reflect light for an array of subimages through a lens to a correcting mirror that reflects the light to an image detector. The correcting mirror moves in translation and tilts to correct for loss of focus of the subimages. A method of generating high resolution images includes acquiring an array of subimages by moving the main mirror and correcting each subimage with the correcting mirror. A method of surveillance includes acquiring and storing an array of initial subimages, then acquiring new subimages, comparing the new subimages with the stored subimages, and storing changed subimages.

Abstract: Apparatus is described for positioning a tilt meter (12) in a horizontal plane (14) and maintaining it horizontal despite temperature changes, with greater precision than heretofore. Leveling screws 25-27 which hold the upper surface (18) of a base member (16) precisely horizontal, are engaged with nuts (21-23) attached to the base member, where the nuts are made of the same material as the screws, to eliminate tilting of the base member with temperature changes, due to different nuts engaging a screw at a different height. The nuts are attached to the upper surface (18) of the base member, to further avoid imprecision. The curved glass bubble tubes (60) are mounted in V-grooves (80) in four point contact therewith.

Abstract: A tilt meter comprises two tilt sensors (110 and 110S, see FIG. 7) in a housing (105). Each sensor acts as two variable resistors (R.sub.s), which together with two fixed resistors (R.sub.F) form a Wheatstone bridge (25), driven by a square wave signal from a drive source (30). The output of the bridge is fed to an electronic circuit (35) which includes a synchronized switch (43) to cut out the spikes (50), which the bridge outputs at the transitions of the square wave. The output of the electronic circuit is a DC signal, whose amplitude indicates tilt magnitude and polarity indicates direction of tilt. The housing (105) is supported on a support surface (102S) by means of 15 legs (116, 117) threaded into nuts of the same metal, and which has a very low thermal coefficient of expansion.

Abstract: A drip retainer for preventing residual fluid in a spout from dripping includes a tubular resilient member which is flattened at one end so that opposite walls are biased together. An opposite end of the tubular member is connected in a liquid-tight manner to the spout. A cylindrical clamp is mounted on the flattened portion of the tubular member. A hollow area inside the cylindrical clamp is filled with resilient biasing material. The biasing material, on either side of the flattened portion, urges the tubular member to a flat closed position. When liquid is pumped through the spout under pressure, the liquid urges the flattened portion of the tubular member to an open position. When pressure subsides, the biasing material urges the flattened portion back to its closed position, so that residual fluid clinging to inside walls of the spout cannot escape.