Abstract: Multifunctional catalysts are used to prepare modified bio-oils with improved characteristics. Bio-oil vapor phase, e.g., produced by pyrolysis of biomass, is contacted with a multifunctional catalyst. The multifunctional catalyst catalyzes a plurality of distinct reactions of the bio-oil vapor phase to produce a modified bio-oil.

Abstract: A dual bed pyrolysis system may include a falling bed reactor employing a heat carrier particulate to pyrolyze biomass to create a pyrolysis product and a pyrolysis waste product. The dual bed pyrolysis system may also include a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor may accept the pyrolysis waste product including char and heat carrier particulate from the falling bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor may combust the char in the presence of the heat carrier particulate. The fluidized bed reactor may combust the char to reheat the heat carrier particulate. The reheated heat carrier particulate may be provided to the falling bed reactor to pyrolyze biomass to create a pyrolysis product and a pyrolysis waste product.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are provided for removing droplets from a droplet-laden gas by means of an electrostatic precipitator.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for pyrolysis using a falling bed reactor. The falling bed reactor may result in effective mixing between a heat carrier and biomass, and may reduce or eliminate inert gas requirements.

Abstract: Vapor phase catalytic reactors and methods for using the same for upgrade of fuels produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass are disclosed.