Abstract: A high power high energy ignition system for internal combustion engines using an energy storage capacitor (4), resonating inductor (3) and one or more coils Ti with switches Si for each coil Ti. The system is designed and optimized according to the transient voltage doubling formulation and certain coil magnetic flux formulations to produce a very high power, very high energy, high efficiency ignition powered and controlled by a power converter (14) and controller (15) to produce an initial high frequency spark pulse followed by moderate firing longer duration spark pulses or continuously firing spark oscillations for delivery to the air-fuel mixture of an engine with total spark energy approximately independent of engine speed. The energy is delivered by means of a toroidal gapped spark plug (46) with extended electrodes (48a) to maximize ignition kernel size and minimize spark plug erosion and fouling.

Abstract: A virtual three-stroke engine (1) with intake and compression strokes approximately one half of the power stroke of approximately 12 to one expansion ratio and with total firing cycle stroke lengths equal to approximately three expansion strokes to minimize engine throttling and frictional losses over the real world drive cycle and provide high torque from a one-to-one drive shaft RPM to engine firing cycle RPM provided by a cam type driver for controlling the piston motions and extracting the power from the piston.

Abstract: A high efficiency, high output, compact ignition coil particularly suited for use in capacitive discharge, multiple pulsing ignition systems, with about ten turns of primary (1) wire (Np) and about five hundred fifty turns of secondary (2) wire (Ns) for an input voltage Vp of approximately 350 volts and a peak output voltage Vs of 30 kV, the core and windings of the coil featuring separate and different primary (31) and secondary (41) core halves structured on the basis of herein developed coil open and closed circuit criteria such that the core half (31) containing the primary winding has a large center post (32) of cross-sectional area Ap with a narrow slot of width W1 around the post (32) for winding the primary wire (1) to provide essentially the total required coil leakage inductance Lpe of about 50 uH for an input capacitance of about 5 uF and spark discharge frequency fcc of about 10 kHz, and the secondary core (41) structured to have a center post (42) of cross-sectional area As about half that of Ap

Abstract: An internal combustion engine system with combustion chamber (11) of the upper-half-clam-shell type in which is generated both swirl and squish and microscale turbulence near the center of the chamber where is located a toroidal gap spark plug (18) fired according to a lean-burn-timing prescription to deliver rapidly moving spark pulses (24) of high power and energy into a very lean reverse stratified mixture further diluted with exhaust gas residual for further reducing NOx emissions while maintaining low HC emissions and high engine efficiency.

Abstract: A high power high energy capacitive discharge (CD) ignition system for internal combustion engines using a separate resonating inductor (7) in the discharge circuit which is constructed and arranged to provide suitable operation of the discharge circuit and to allow coupling of energy from a voltage source (13a) for storage in the inductor (7) for delivery to the CD system discharge capacitor (4) during the operation of the ignition to help maintain energy during the preferred mode of multiple spark pulse firings of an ignition spark in a preferred large toroidal gap spark plug and to recharge the capacitor (4) between firings.

Abstract: A high power high energy distributorless ignition system for multicylinder internal combustion engines using a single energy storage capacitor (4), a single leakage resonating inductor (20) with a switch SS partially or entirely across it, and one or more coils Ti with bi-directional switches Si and with single or double hith voltage outputs, the system defining a compact coil assembly powered by a resonant converter power supply (12), the ignition power delivery controlled by means of circuitry based on a robust gate (17), an oscillator (19), and steering circuitry (21).

Abstract: A DC to DC power converter designated a synchronous current pump (13) and operated in the preferred mode in synchronization with a discharge circuit (11) and using a capacitor (28) as the energy storage element, and in the preferred embodiment has in series with said capacitor the battery supply (10), an inductor (30), a diode (27a), and the primary winding (31a) of a transformer (31); and across said storage capacitor is an energy transfer FET switch (33) which is used for discharging said capacitor and transferring it stored energy to a output load capacitor (4) connected through a diode (32) to the secondary winding of said transformer. In operation, the current pump supplies power efficiently and smoothly to a load discharge capacitor in synchronization with operation of the discharge circuit.

Abstract: An ignition system for hydrocarbon fuels based in part on the principle of "flame discharge ignition" of coupling ignition energy to the initial flame front plasma either as a "pulsing flame discharge ignition" or an "enhanced conventional discharge ignition". Electrical, geometrical, spark, and hydrocarbon flame front plasma discharge properties are taken into account and adjusted or tailored to create a flame discharge ignition process capable of igniting very lean mixtures. The system is further improved by modifying the fuel's flame front plasma properties by increasing the ratio of the carbon to hydrogen (C/H) content of the fuel and/or by using additives to further increase the flame front plasma density without reducing the plasma recombination coefficient.

Abstract: An Electromagnetic Ignition system suitable for adaptation to standard automobile engines including diesel engines, which has been improved by means of a high efficiency RF capacitive spark plug with a projecting antenna tip used for forming very large spark gaps to the plug shell and piston face as well as for coupling high electric fields to the local initial flame plasma, preferably used in combination with shielded high voltage cable including series inductive choke elements and a Capacitive Discharge ignition system incorporating an input capacitor, a SCR switch, an ignition coil with an optimized high current and high output voltage, and preferably a synchronous DC-DC power converter providing "boost power" during ignition so that substantial capacitive, inductive, and electromagnetic energy is supplied to the air-fuel mixture. Preferably the coil has a turns ratio of 50 with the input capacitor having a capacitance between 5 and 10 microfarads and a 400 volts rating.

Abstract: A versatile rapid pulsing multiple pulse ignition controller (17) used in conjunction with an converter power supply (13) with a voltage sensor/controller (16) and with an ignition coil (3) and energy capacitor (4) comprising an ignition system providing rapid firing multiple ignition sparks at high converter power supply efficiency; which ignition system is suitable for installation on existing automobile engines and other internal combustion engines including diesel engines. The ignition is powered by an converter (13) working as a gated oscillator driving a power amplifier which is turned off by voltage level sensor/controller (16) when the converter output (14a) reaches a preset value or ground potential, as when an ignition pulse is occurring, giving converter (13) the highest possible efficiency and minimum power dissipation. Controlled ignition firing and multiple pulsing is provided by a multiple pulse controller (17) connected to breaker points or other electronic trigger (18).

Abstract: A capacitive discharge pulsed plasma ignition system which is suitable for retrofitting to standard automobile engines, and easily adaptable to new engines, including diesel engines, which has been substantially improved by using a novel ultra-high efficiency ignition transformer (coil) (3) with an optimized high current and high voltage output. The ignition is preferably used with a high pulse rate, high efficiency, multiple pulse ignition box providing rapid pulsed plasma ignition sites. The coil (3) has a low winding turns ratio of about 40, low primary (1,11) and secondary (2,12) inductances and resistances, low loss in its core (3a), low secondary capacitance (5), and is used in conjunction with a capacitor (4) of capacitance between 1 and about 20 microfarads. The system uses voltage doubling at the spark gap (9) through coil/capacitor design combination to fire a wide spark gap (9) and provide a very high current.

Abstract: Described are lipid emulsions of marine oils comprising high concentrations of omega-3-fatty acid esters and low concentrations of free fatty acids for intraveneous administration for the treatment of thrombic disease states. More specifically, a lipid emulsion for parenternal use is provided comprising an emulsifier, water and a marine oil comprising an omega-3-fatty ester in which the concentration of the free fatty acid in the emulsion is below about 5 meq/l.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine combustion chamber suitable for electromagnetic stimulation of combustion which has been improved by the addition of combustion chamber periphery extensions (wings) filled with dielectric material. The wing dimensions and filler dielectric material are chosen to allow for specification of the chamber EM resonant frequency, preferably at a frequency in the UHF range (where low cost DC operated devices can be used) and at an industrial allocated frequency. The wing chamber EM resonant modes are further designed to place relatively high electrical currents at the wing tips (which are totally closed surfaces), and low EM currents at the piston-cylinder gaps, thus eliminating the need for EM chokes. The EM feature of the chamber is further improved by shaping the piston face and/or cylinder head face in conjunction with the wing design to further lower the EM operating frequency and improve frequency stability with respect to piston motion about TDC.

Abstract: An improved carburetted internal combustion engine (10) which operates with an extremely lean mixture, without a conventional cooling system, and at an elevated temperature characteristic of an adiabatic engine. The engine uses two ignition sources (20, 21) symmetrically disposed about the center of the cylinder head, and/or a third igniting and microwave coupling means (19) at the center, to achieve extreme lean mixture combustion and relatively fast burn necessary for adiabatic engine operation. The engine incorporates other features to improve its efficiency and emissions, including engine air-throttling through controlled intake valve closure and unconventional valve timing.

Abstract: An improvement on conventional internal combustion ignition systems, which improvement comprises a capacitor connected parallel to the secondary winding of the ignition transformer, and a bypass circuit through which energy stored in the primary circuit is conveyed around the high impedance secondary winding of the circuit transformer to the spark plug after the high voltage at the secondary winding has fired an auxiliary gap to complete the by-pass circuit. The energy originally stored in the primary circuit is discharged at the plug to produce a plasma jet ignition plume.

Abstract: A technique for improving in an internal combustion engine the coupling of microwave energy to the flame-front of a combusting air-fuel mixture plasma, by shaping the combustion chamber so that the latter accommodates the lowest order "spherical re-entrant" microwave mode (the TM.sub.010.sup.sr mode). Such a shape contributes to optimum coupling of microwave energy to the flame-front plasma, since this mode (a) minimizes the microwave frequency and hence the flame-front plasma Q and (b) minimizes the variation of Q with flame-front growth.

Abstract: An oil burner with a combustion chamber has a microwave energy source connected to the fuel supply line to heat the fuel and connected to the air supply line to apply an electric field at the nozzle to the fuel spray and the area of combustion in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A technique for increasing the efficiency, and for decreasing the exhaust emissions, of an internal combustion type engine in which rf energy is generated at a frequency which both (a) is suitable for coupling the energy to a combusting plasma air-fuel mixture (preferably at a plasma frequency) and (b) excites at least one resonant mode of the engine's combustion chamber; so as to enhance both pre-combustion conditioning of the mixture and combustion reactions.

Abstract: A technique for increasing the efficiency, and for decreasing the exhaust emissions, of an internal combustion type engine in which substantially rf energy (e.g., 10.sup.6 Hz to 10.sup.12 Hz) is generated and coupled to a combusting plasma airfuel mixture (preferably at a plasma frequency) so as to enhance both pre-combustion conditioning of the mixture and combustion reactions.