Abstract: A non-polluting, closed-cycle condensing heat engine and operating method is provided for propelling road vehicles at high efficiencies and high power densities by using a phase-changing working fluid having a critical temperature close to the natural ambient temperature of the surrounding atmosphere and shifting the high temperature heat reservoir downward by several hundred degrees by creating an artificial low temperature heat reservoir below ambient temperature by evaporating water.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for generating an artificial heat sink below ambient temperature for a cryogenic condenser by isothermally magnetizing a paramagnetic fluid and removing the magnetic field thereby creating a temperature drop in the fluid by the magentocaloric effect. The heat of magnetization is converted into mechanical work by initially placing the fluid inside a sealed chamber with a door that opens to a conduit leading into the bore of a superconducting solenoid. When the solenoid is energized with current, it creates a strong axial magnetic field that exerts magnetic attractive forces on the fluid inside the chamber. When the fluid is released by opening the door, it is accelerated through the conduit toward the superconducting solenoid where it becomes magnetized by the increasing strength of the magnetic field.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for generating an artificial heat sink below ambient temperature for a cryogenic condenser by isothermally magnetizing a paramagnetic fluid and removing the magnetic field thereby creating a temperature drop in the fluid by the magentocaloric effect. The heat of magnetization is converted into mechanical work by initially placing the fluid inside a sealed chamber with a door that opens to a conduit leading into the bore of a superconducting solenoid. When the solenoid is energized with current, it creates a strong axial magnetic field that exerts magnetic attractive forces on the fluid inside the chamber. When the fluid is released by opening the door, it is accelerated through the conduit toward the superconducting solenoid where it becomes magnetized by the increasing strength of the magnetic field.

Abstract: A hand-held multiple-shot flash generator is presented for temporarily blinding an assailant at a distance. The light is generated by a plurality of ultra high intensity flash bulbs containing a fast-burning substance such as magnesium sealed in pressurized pure oxygen that is triggered by an electric current. A portion of the glass bulbs is coated with a reflective surface to concentrate and project the light flash in a forward direction. The intensity of the flash striking the eyes is sufficiently strong to cause temporary blindness, thereby rendering the assailant mobile. The flash bulbs are mounted in a cylindrical housing containing a battery and a bulb firing and ejection system designed to give repetitive operation.

Abstract: An ultra high intensity flash cartridge is provided for light guns. The ultra high intensity of the flash is obtained by sealing fast burning filaments of magnesium inside a glass bulb containing pure oxygen gas under pressure. The flash is triggered by an electric current. The intensity is boosted by designing the rear surface of the bulb with a paraboloidal shape and coating it with a reflective surface so that all the light is projected and concentrated in the forward direction without requiring any external reflector. Guide flanges are built into the bulb to maintain proper orientation when loaded into a light gun. The cartridge is capable of generating a light flash several orders of magnitude brighter than the noon-day sun for temporarily blinding an assailant at a distance.