Abstract: A manufacturing process of RNA having a length of about 20-200 bases with improved performance, by using in vitro transcription in combination with other methodologies that may increase yield and quality.

Abstract: Methods to qualitatively and quantitatively determine mRNA capping, and to determine 5? capping efficiency and 5? cap identity in RNA samples, all without the need for radiolabels, by using tagged probes that are complementary to the 5? end of target RNA and RNAse H to cleave the 5? end of RNA, then using LC-MS to determine the 5? RNA products.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of analyzing and producing RNA compositions, e.g., mRNA compositions, that include determining the amount of a polyA chain length and/or 5 the relative distribution of polyA chain lengths in a sample from the RNA composition using mass spectrometry, e.g., LC-MS or MALDI-MS.

Abstract: An implantable bone drain for relieving intraosseous pressure is formed of a bio-compatible material and has an outer surface shaped to prevent or limit movement of the drain out of position after implantation and there may be provided other means for retaining the bone drain in the chosen implanted position. There may be a plurality of drain apertures along the length of the drain. The implantable drain may be used in the treatment of bone pain in a range of arthritic and other orthopaedic disorders and may also retard degenerative disease.