Abstract: A spark ignited engine is disclosed. The spark ignited engine includes a main combustion chamber and a cylinder head at least partially surrounding the main combustion chamber. A spark plug having a central axis is arranged in the cylinder head and an ignition end of the spark plug faces the main combustion engine. A pre-chamber with at least two nozzles is arranged in the main combustion chamber and connects the ignition end and the main combustion chamber via the at least two nozzles. A pre-chamber volume ratio corresponds to a ratio of a volume of the pre-chamber to a volume of the main combustion chamber at a top-dead-center and is between 1.9% and 3.1%. A nozzle factor corresponds to a ratio of a summed flowed-through area of the at least two nozzles to the volume of the pre-chamber and is between 0.085 l/cm and 1.15 l/cm.

Abstract: A spark ignited engine is disclosed. The spark ignited engine includes a main combustion chamber and a cylinder head at least partially surrounding the main combustion chamber. A spark plug having a central axis is arranged in the cylinder head and an ignition end of the spark plug faces the main combustion engine. A pre-chamber with at least two nozzles is arranged in the main combustion chamber and connects the ignition end and the main combustion chamber via the at least two nozzles. A pre-chamber volume ratio corresponds to a ratio of a volume of the pre-chamber to a volume of the main combustion chamber at a top-dead-center and is between 1.9% and 3.1%. A nozzle factor corresponds to a ratio of a summed flowed-through area of the at least two nozzles to the volume of the pre-chamber and is between 0.085 l/cm and 1.15 l/cm.

Abstract: Method for operating a hydrogen fuelled combustion engine 1 comprising the steps of providing an internal combustion engine 1 having at least one cylinder 2 and a piston 3 supported at a crankshaft 5 for repeated reciprocal movement in the cylinder 2 so as to define a main combustion chamber 21, the internal combustion engine 1 further having an ignition device 4 arranged in said cylinder 2 with an igniter portion 42 and a hydrogen fuel injector 43 which are both arranged at a pre-chamber 41, wherein the pre-chamber 41 has a plurality of orifices 44 for providing fluid communication between said pre-chamber 41 and the main combustion chamber 21; and operating the engine in cycles comprising the following steps: introducing hydrogen fuel in the pre-chamber 41; introducing hydrogen fuel in the main combustion chamber 21; and igniting the introduced hydrogen fuel in the pre-chamber 41 for combusting the introduced hydrogen fuel in the main combustion chamber 21.

Abstract: The invention relates to a single novel dry reagent composition for use in subsequent nucleic acid amplification, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and the isothermal LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification), the composition including a nucleic acid amplification enzyme; a corresponding enzyme binder; a sugar-based stabiliser; deoxyNucleotide TriphosPhates; oligonucleotides; and a zwitterionic agent where a tris-based buffer is specifically excluded. The invention further relates to methods for producing said single dry reagent composition using air drying processes.

Abstract: Internal combustion engine comprising at least one cylinder and a piston supported for repeated reciprocal movement in the cylinder so as to define a combustion chamber of an engine bore diameter A-A, the internal combustion engine further comprising an ignition device arranged in said cylinder having an igniter portion and an fuel injector which are both arranged in a pre-chamber, wherein the pre-chamber comprises a plurality of orifices for providing fluid communication between said pre-chamber and the combustion chamber, and wherein the plurality of orifices are of an overall orifice area so that the ratio between the overall orifice area and the engine bore diameter A-A ranges from 0.01 mm to 0.2 mm.

Abstract: A method for starting an internal combustion engine comprises the steps of: providing an internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder and a piston supported at a crankshaft for repeated reciprocal movement in the cylinder so as to define a main combustion chamber, the internal combustion engine further having an ignition device arranged in said cylinder with an igniter portion and a fuel injector which are both arranged at a pre-chamber, wherein the pre-chamber has a plurality of orifices for providing fluid communication between said pre-chamber and the main combustion chamber, injecting fuel in the pre-chamber, and igniting the injected fuel in the pre-chamber for pre-heating of the pre-chamber prior to injecting fuel in the main combustion chamber for combusting the injected fuel in the main combustion chamber.

Abstract: A method for starting an internal combustion engine comprises the steps of: providing an internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder and a piston supported at a crankshaft for repeated reciprocal movement in the cylinder so as to define a main combustion chamber, the internal combustion engine further having an ignition device arranged in said cylinder with an igniter portion and a fuel injector which are both arranged at a pre-chamber, wherein the pre-chamber has a plurality of orifices for providing fluid communication between said pre-chamber and the main combustion chamber, injecting fuel in the pre-chamber, and igniting the injected fuel in the pre-chamber for pre-heating of the pre-chamber prior to injecting fuel in the main combustion chamber for combusting the injected fuel in the main combustion chamber.

Abstract: Internal combustion engine comprising at least one cylinder and a piston supported for repeated reciprocal movement in the cylinder so as to define a combustion chamber of an engine bore diameter A-A, the internal combustion engine further comprising an ignition device arranged in said cylinder having an igniter portion and an fuel injector which are both arranged in a pre-chamber, wherein the pre-chamber comprises a plurality of orifices for providing fluid communication between said pre-chamber and the combustion chamber, and wherein the plurality of orifices are of an overall orifice area so that the ratio between the overall orifice area and the engine bore diameter A-A ranges from 0.01 mm to 0.2 mm.

Abstract: An ignition system for an internal combustion engine having at least one combustion chamber where the ignition system includes a housing, an ignition device, an injector, and a pre-chamber having a nozzle disposed spaced from the proximal portion of the pre-chamber. The igniter portion of the ignition device and the nozzle of the injector are operatively supported in the proximal portion of the pre-chamber and disposed flush therewith. The igniter portion ignites the fuel in pre-chamber such that partially combusted pre-chamber products are forced through orifices in the pre-chamber nozzle and extinguish, but dispersed through the combustion chamber so as to ignite the main fuel charge therein.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of detecting the presence of anti-MHC antibodies in a sample comprising contacting said sample with one or more recombinant MHC molecules or functionally equivalent variants, derivatives or fragments thereof and detecting the binding or absence of binding of antibodies to said recombinant MHC molecules. This method allows the detection and/or identification of one or more specific MHC particularly HLA allele antibodies.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of depleting anti-MHC antibodies in a sample comprising contacting said sample with one or more recombinant MHC molecules or functionally equivalent variants, derivatives or fragments thereof and removing at least the recombinant MHC molecules to which antibodies to said recombinant MHC molecules contained within the sample have bound. This method allows the depletion of one or more specific MHC particularly HLA allele antibodies from a sample.

Abstract: An ignition system for an internal combustion engine having at least one combustion chamber where the ignition system includes a housing, an ignition device, an injector, and a pre-chamber having a nozzle disposed spaced from the proximal portion of the pre-chamber. The igniter portion of the ignition device and the nozzle of the injector are operatively supported in the proximal portion of the pre-chamber and disposed flush therewith. The igniter portion ignites the fuel in pre-chamber such that partially combusted pre-chamber products are forced through orifices in the pre-chamber nozzle and extinguish, but dispersed through the combustion chamber so as to ignite the main fuel charge therein.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of depleting anti-MHC antibodies in a sample comprising contacting said sample with one or more recombinant MHC molecules or functionally equivalent variants, derivatives or fragments thereof and removing at least the recombinant MHC molecules to which antibodies to said recombinant MHC molecules contained within the sample have bound. This method allows the depletion of one or more specific MHC particularly HLA allele antibodies from a sample.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of detecting the presence of anti-MHC antibodies in a sample comprising contacting said sample with one or more recombinant MHC molecules or functionally equivalent variants, derivatives or fragments thereof and detecting the binding or absence of binding of antibodies to said recombinant MHC molecules. This method allows the detection and/or identification of one or more specific MHC particularly HLA allele antibodies.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of detecting the presence of anti-MHC antibodies in a sample comprising contacting said sample with one or more recombinant MHC molecules or functionally equivalent variants, derivatives or fragments thereof and detecting the binding or absence of binding of antibodies to said recombinant MHC molecules. This method allows the detection and/or identification of one or more specific MHC particularly HLA allele antibodies.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to compositions of lyophilised reagents suitable for nucleic acid amplification use in in-vitro diagnostics. More particularly, the invention relates to lyophilised PCR reagent compositions and methods for genotyping including HLA and/or ABO and/or HFE typing.

Abstract: A closed-loop control algorithm that reduces the increases in nitrogen oxides (NOx) commonly observed with biodiesel combustion while retaining particulate matter (PM) reductions with variable biodiesel blend fractions. One embodiment includes a control algorithm that is closed-loop with regards to combustible oxygen mass fraction (COMF) instead of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) fraction. Yet another algorithm includes biodiesel blend estimation and “fuel-flexible” accommodation. A physics-based model has also been developed which predicts experimentally observed engine performance and emissions for biodiesel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device for detecting the presence of an analyte. More particularly, the present invention relates to the method and device for detecting the presence of immunoglobulins directed at polymorphic alloantigens such as HLA antigens and/or other products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

Abstract: The invention provides a method of depleting anti-MHC antibodies in a sample comprising contacting said sample with one or more recombinant MHC molecules or functionally equivalent variants, derivatives or fragments thereof and removing at least the recombinant MHC molecules to which antibodies to said recombinant MHC molecules contained within the sample have bound. This method allows the depletion of one or more specific MHC particularly HLA allele antibodies from a sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to probes, methods and apparatus for the detection of the presence or absence of non-contiguous cis-located nucleic acid sequences which are characteristic of alleles including those relating to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) which is of interest in the field of human transplantation and disease.