Abstract: A structure which exhibits magnetic properties when it receives electromagnetic radiation is formed from an array of capacitive elements each of which is smaller, and preferably much smaller, than the wavelength of the radiation. Each capacitive element has a low resistance conducting path associated with it and is such that a magnetic component of the received electromagnetic radiation induces an electrical current to flow around the path and through the associated element. The creation of internal magnetic fields generated by the flow of the induced electrical current gives rise to the structure's magnetic properties.

Abstract: The performance of a microwave antenna is improved by incorporating a fine wire dielectric material which has a dielectric constant ∈ of less than unity at microwave frequencies. The effect of the dielectric material is to refract microwaves so that the antenna appears to have a larger aperture than that of its physical size. Furthermore, by selecting the transmission cut off frequency of the dielectric material, two antenna elements which are intended to operate within different frequency bands can be mounted one behind the other.

Abstract: In order to control the brightness of a fluorescent liquid crystal display, a photodiode is located adjacent an edge of a display cell. The photodiode receives light which has been totally internally reflected within the cell and which is thereby emitted from the cell edge. The emitted fluorescence remains subtantially constant during switching of the display and is a measure of the brightness of the display. The output of the photodiode is fed to a circuit which controls the brightness of the light source illuminating the display, so that a substantially constant display brightness is obtained.

Abstract: A thermal imaging device comprises a non-pixellated detector (3) which includes a component (12), such as a liquid crystal element, having optical properties which vary with temperature. An infra-red lens (1) forms a focused image of a thermal scene on the non-pixellated detector. A visible light source (17) is arranged to illuminate the non-pixelled detector such that visible light from the source is modulated by the image formed on the non-pixellated detector. A second detector (7), such as a television camera chip, detects the modulated visible light to give an output which is representative of the image of the thermal scene. A visible light zoom lens (5) is interposed in the optical path between the non-pixellated detector and the second detector so that variation of the focal length of the zoom lens varies the field of view of the thermal imaging device.

Abstract: A method of testing thermal imagers includes heating selected portions of a quantity of a smectic liquid crystal material (9) with a laser (25) such that the material in the selected portions changes from a homeotropic texture in which it is transparent to incident infrared radiation to a focal conic texture in which it scatters incident infrared radiation. An infrared source (27) is arranged to direct infrared radiation onto the quantity (9) so as to read the pattern of selected portions across the quantity.