Abstract: In the electrical energy storage element in accordance with the invention, a plurality of electrochemical cells that are each formed with a cathode and an anode as electrodes and an electrolyte are arranged stacked above one another. They are enclosed at one side by a top plate formed from an electrically conductive material, in particular aluminum, and at the oppositely disposed side by a base plate formed from an electrically conductive material, in particular aluminum. The base plate is coated by a cathode or by an anode and the cover plate is coated in a complementary manner by an anode or by a cathode. The anodes and cathodes are each formed at oppositely disposed surfaces of an electrically conductive carrier film which preferably comprises aluminum, copper, steel or an electrically conductive plastic.

Abstract: In the electrical energy storage element in accordance with the invention, a plurality of electrochemical cells that are each formed with a cathode and an anode as electrodes and an electrolyte are arranged stacked above one another. They are enclosed at one side by a top plate formed from an electrically conductive material, in particular aluminum, and at the oppositely disposed side by a base plate formed from an electrically conductive material, in particular aluminum. The base plate is coated by a cathode or by an anode and the cover plate is coated in a complementary manner by an anode or by a cathode. The anodes and cathodes are each formed at oppositely disposed surfaces of an electrically conductive carrier film which preferably comprises aluminum, copper, steel or an electrically conductive plastic.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for determining an operating point-dependent change in resistance factor (AFAP) of an energy storage device, wherein a start resistance is determined at an operating point start point in time, wherein a change in resistance between a present resistance of the energy storage device and the start resistance is determined at least at an operating point end point in time, wherein an end resistance is determined as a sum of the start resistance and the change in resistance determined at the operating point end point in time, wherein the operating point-dependent change in resistance factor (AFAP) is determined as a ratio between the end resistance and a nominal resistance proportion of the start resistance, and to methods for determining an operating point-dependent resistance.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for determining an operating point-dependent change in resistance factor (AFAP) of an energy storage device, wherein a start resistance is determined at an operating point start point in time, wherein a change in resistance between a present resistance of the energy storage device and the start resistance is determined at least at an operating point end point in time, wherein an end resistance is determined as a sum of the start resistance and the change in resistance determined at the operating point end point in time, wherein the operating point-dependent change in resistance factor (AFAP) is determined as a ratio between the end resistance and a nominal resistance proportion of the start resistance, and to methods for determining an operating point-dependent resistance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a roller drive device for use in a deposition system for manufacturing a photovoltaic device having a substrate (12), the roller drive device comprising a roller means (9) and a cover means (1), whereby the roller means is arranged slidable along a roller means axis (11) between a rolling position and a retracting position, whereby the roller means is configured for transporting the substrate in the rolling position, the cover means is arranged slidable along a cover means axis (2) between a shielding position and an opening position, whereby, if the roller means is in the retracting position, the cover means is configured for shielding the roller means against contamination by a substance present in the deposition system in the shielding position, and the roller means axis and the cover means axis are arranged tilted to each other.

Abstract: In order to provide a particularly homogeneous pressure and temperature profile in a gas cushion for the levitating support of glass or glass ceramic, the invention provides a device (19) for transporting or supporting glass ceramic or glass, which comprises at least one diaphragm (1, 2) that has at least one continuous bearing surface (3) and at least one gas feed chamber (51-55) and at least one gas discharge chamber (71-75), the gas feed chamber (51-55) and the gas discharge chamber (71-75) having a gas-permeable connection to the bearing surface (3).

Abstract: The device for production of a monocrystalline or a multicrystalline material blank, especially a silicon multicrystalline blank, using the VGF method has a crucible with a rectangular or square cross section. A flat heating device, especially a jacket heater, which generates an inhomogeneous temperature profile, is arranged around the crucible. This temperature profile corresponds to the temperature gradient formed in the center of the crucible. The heat output of the flat heating device decreases from the top to the bottom end of the crucible. The flat heating device includes parallel heating webs, which extend in a meandering course. The heat outputs from the heating webs differ according to their different conductor cross sections. To avoid local overheating in corner areas of the crucible, constrictions of the cross sections of the heating webs are provided at inversion zones of their meandering course.

Abstract: The method of producing monocrystalline or multicrystalline blanks, especially silicon blanks, by using a vertical-gradient-freeze method, includes providing a crucible with a rectangular or square-shaped cross section and a heating jacket disposed around the crucible, which has a number of flat heating elements with a meandering course disposed on side faces of the crucible. The heating jacket generates an inhomogeneous temperature profile corresponding to a temperature gradient in the center of the crucible. The flat heating elements preferably comprise parallel heating webs, whose heat output is set by varying the conductor cross section. To avoid local overheating in corner areas of the crucible, constrictions of the cross section are provided at inversion zones of the meandering courses of the webs. The flat heating elements can be formed from a plurality of interconnected individual segments.

Abstract: The device for production of a monocrystalline or a multicrystalline material blank, especially a silicon multicrystalline blank, using the VGF method has a crucible with a rectangular or square cross section. A flat heating device, especially a jacket heater, which generates an inhomogeneous temperature profile, is arranged around the crucible. This temperature profile corresponds to the temperature gradient formed in the center of the crucible. The heat output of the flat heating device decreases from the top to the bottom end of the crucible. The flat heating device includes parallel heating webs, which extend in a meandering course. The heat outputs from the heating webs differ according to their different conductor cross sections. To avoid local overheating in corner areas of the crucible, constrictions of the cross sections of the heating webs are provided at inversion zones of their meandering course.

Abstract: In order to provide a particularly homogeneous pressure and temperature profile in a gas cushion for the levitating support of glass or glass ceramic, the invention provides a device (19) for transporting or supporting glass ceramic or glass, which comprises at least one diaphragm (1, 2) that has at least one continuous bearing surface (3) and at least one gas feed chamber (51-55) and at least one gas discharge chamber (71-75), the gas feed chamber (51-55) and the gas discharge chamber (71-75) having a gas-permeable connection to the bearing surface (3).

Abstract: The invention concerns a procedure for controlling an injection valve, at which the injection valve is supplied with current that is provided by a condenser during a holding phase, at which the injection valve is kept open. The invention further concerns a device for controlling an injection valve, which is customized to cause the condenser to provide the injection valve during a holding phase, at which the injection valve is kept open, with current.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for the production of monocrystalline or multicrystalline materials using the vertical-gradient-freeze method, in particular silicon for applications in photovoltaics. According to the invention a low amount of wastage is achieved in that the cross section of the crucible is polygonal, in particular rectangular or square-shaped. Disposed around the circumference of the crucible there is a flat or planar heating element, in particular a jacket heater, which generates an inhomogeneous temperature profile. This corresponds to the temperature gradient formed in the centre of the crucible. The heat output of the flat heating element decreases going from the top end to the bottom end of the crucible. The flat heating element comprises a plurality of parallel heating webs, extending in a vertical or horizontal meandering course. The heat output from the webs is set by varying the conductor cross section.

Abstract: An apparatus for pelletizing strands of polymer emerging in molten form from dies with a pelletizer, in which apparatus a cooling section carrying a coolant flow and a dewatering section are provided between the dies and the pelletizer, a running-in rest being arranged upstream of the pelletizer, adjoining the dewatering section and provided with at least one air-nozzle arrangement, which is arranged transversely to the running direction of the strands, is designed as a step in the running-in rest and is intended for generating a stream of air directed essentially parallel to the running direction of the strands, which takes with it the strands supplied to the running-in rest.