Abstract: An X-ray tube for greatly enhancing the output of photons relative to a standard tube includes a source of an electron beam focused on a target at an angle of approximately 10.degree. to produce high energy photons emitted at an angle along their centerline of 5.degree. to 15.degree., both angles referring to the surface of the target. Reduction of impurgement of scattered electrons on the tube window is affected in various ways such as use of a magnet to deflect electrons from the photon stream or locating the window out of alignment with the most intense scattered electrons. Scattered electrons are also absorbed by an essentially zero albedo shield disposed in the path of the majority of the scattered electrons not directed at the window.

Abstract: An X-ray tube for greatly enhancing the output of photons relative to a standard tube includes a source of an electron beam focused on a target at an angle of approximately 10.degree. to produce high energy photons emitted at an angle along their centerline of 5.degree. to 15.degree., both angles referring to the surface of the target. Reduction of impurgement of scattered electrons on the tube window is affected in various ways such as use of a magnet to deflect electrons from the photon stream or locating the window out of alignment with the most intense scattered electrons. Scattered electrons are also absorbed by an essentially zero albedo shield disposed in the path of the majority of the scattered electrons not directed at the window.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for deriving an x-ray beam from an electron beam striking an anode at a selected angle, the x-ray beam being selectively directed to achieve optimal high intensity yield of high energy bremsstrahlung photons for a given x-ray beam cross-section. The angle of the x-ray beam relative to the anode is selected (1) to prevent anode damage and (2) to minimize undesired multiple scatter, and (3) maximize high energy photon production in the bremsstrahlung spectrum. The angles of the incident electron beam and of the emitted x-ray beam and the angle of the planes normal to the anode surface and containing the electron beam and x-ray beam, respectively, are defined to account for multiple scattering and out-scattering of electrons as well as enhanced x-ray beam intensity, and angular distribution of emitted photons of a desired energy.

Abstract: A detector for counting low levels of photons comprises a plurality of thin solid state wafers of a photons sensitive material such as gallium arsenide; the wafers being of the order of one-tenth to two millimeter thick depending upon use, and providing a depletion layer of 2 to 20 millimeters deep depending upon the energy of the photons to be detected. The electrical length of the wafer depends upon the use for which the panel is designed and may be one-tenth to two millimeters if two dimensional analysis is desired. Some of the wafers depending upon their materials have a region beyond the 2 to 20 millimeter depth in which is formed an integrated circuit including a detector, preamplifier, discriminator, scaler and read out buffer, each responsive to a different multiplexed, digitized address word. The wafers are connected as PIN diodes and are properly biased for such function. Those wafers using materials on which IC cannot be formed are connected to ICs by leads.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for non-destructive radiation inspection including a radiation source, collimator, translatable slotted mask, adjustable resolution mask, and spaced scintillation counters is provided. Also provided is apparatus for one-sided inspection of materials which include an attenuation wedge, an X-ray tube alignment system and combination radiation direct detection on scatter detection arrays.

Abstract: A control circuit is provided in a video display system that is responsive to the horizontal and vertical deflection signals to produce a shading signal including a plurality of signal components corresponding to independently variable linear and higher order functions (preferably conic functions) of the deflection signals, to modify the video signal and control the intensity of the video display at locations that are functions of the excursions of the sweep signals along their time bases. In the manually controlled embodiment of shading, a differential amplifier is employed to combine the video signal with the shading signal to produce a shaded video signal and to selectively control the intensity in the video display. The system may be employed in conjunction with a window amplifier to independently control the position of the various components of the video signal on the gain curve of the window amplifier whereby to alleviate problems of burn-out or excessive darkness of various elements of the display.

Abstract: Disclosed is a visibility expander of relatively simple and inexpensive construction for use in reading X-ray photographs. It comprises a TV picture tube and monitor coupled, together via a low pass filter and window amplifier in series as stated. Both the expansion factor and the midpoint of the window(amplifier transfer characteristics are continuously variable so that the operator may better detect changes to picture contrasts. It may be used by doctors, X-ray technicians, investigative agencies and others who need a simple and inexpensive device for analyzing X-ray photographs.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for scanning an object, such as the human body, with radiation utilizes a slit for passing only a portion of scattered radiation from a radiation beam directed through the object to a radiation detector. The slit is arranged with its length extending transverse to the direction of the radiation beam such that the portion of scattered radiation passed by the slit is within a predetermined included angle, preferably within the range of from 60.degree. to 120.degree. and optimally 90.degree., to produce bands of scattered radiation lying within predetermined solid angles for detection and processing to provide a representation of the path of the radiation beam through the object. By scanning the object with a plurality of parallel radiation beams, which may be provided by translating the X-ray generator, a tomographic cross section of any desired configuration can be obtained.