Abstract: A process for producing ammonium sulfite and ammonium bisulfite from an ammonia gas stream. The process involves injected sulfur dioxide into a circulating liquid stream to an optimal pH that captures gaseous ammonia from a gas stream. The captured ammonia reacts with sulfur dioxide and water to form the desired products.

Abstract: A process for substantially removing hydrogen sulfide from an ammonium sulfate solution. The process involves maintaining the pH of the solution to a range that optimally removes entrained hydrogen sulfide. The hydrogen sulfide is then reacted with sulfites, bisulfites, or sulfur dioxide to form ammonium thiosulfate.

Abstract: A process for producing organic fertilizers involves using a waste ammonia stream to capture sulfur dioxide from the oxidation of sulfur or a gas containing sulfur dioxide to make an ammonium bisulfite/sulfite solution. The sulfite solution is used to scrub hydrogen sulfide out of a biogas or other gas stream. The resulting products contain ammonium thiosulfate and ammonium bisulfite/sulfite.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the invention, a process for substantially completely removing sulfur dioxide and ammonia from a gas stream is disclosed. The process involves lowering the vapor pressure in a scrubber by contacting the gas stream with one or more streams of re-circulating chilled media. The process further involves adjusting the pH of the process solution in the scrubber to within a predetermined range. The lowering of the vapor pressure and pH adjustment results in an increase in the solubility of sulfur dioxide and ammonia in the process solution thereby facilitating a substantially complete removal of sulfur dioxide and ammonia from the gas stream.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the invention, a process for substantially completely removing sulfur dioxide and ammonia from a gas stream is disclosed. The process involves lowering the vapor pressure in a scrubber by contacting the gas stream with one or more streams of re-circulating chilled media. The process further involves adjusting the pH of the process solution in the scrubber to within a predetermined range. The lowering of the vapor pressure and pH adjustment results in an increase in the solubility of sulfur dioxide and ammonia in the process solution thereby facilitating a substantially complete removal of sulfur dioxide and ammonia from the gas stream.

Abstract: Provided is a method for high concentration cation exchange metathesis of divalent ions such as calcium with univalent ions such as sodium or potassium. Due to the difference between ionic valences between the exchanged ions, the provided process behavior is strongly dependent upon the selection of resin properties and to total solution normality. A combination of resin properties and solution normality is provided to achieve the cation exchange.

Abstract: Provided is a method for high concentration cation exchange metathesis of divalent ions such as calcium with univalent ions such as sodium or potassium. Due to the difference between ionic valences between the exchanged ions, the provided process behavior is strongly dependent upon the selection of resin properties and to total solution normality. A combination of resin properties and solution normality is provided to achieve the cation exchange.

Abstract: Processes for selectively eliminating hydrogen sulfide from liquid ammonia, either anhydrous or aqueous, are described herein. The processes generally include contacting a first liquid stream, anhydrous or aqueous, comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, with a solution comprising sulfur dioxide to convert the hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate.

Abstract: Processes for selectively eliminating hydrogen sulfide from liquid ammonia, either anhydrous or aqueous, are described herein. The processes generally include contacting a first liquid stream, anhydrous or aqueous, comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, with a solution comprising sulfur dioxide to convert the hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate.

Abstract: Provided is a method for high concentration cation exchange metathesis of divalent ions such as calcium with univalent ions such as sodium or potassium. Due to the difference between ionic valences between the exchanged ions, the provided process behavior is strongly dependent upon the selection of resin properties and to total solution normality. A combination of resin properties and solution normality is provided to achieve the cation exchange.

Abstract: Carbonaceous materials are thermally upgraded in a pressurized steam environment to remove moisture and other byproducts. A variety of water/solid separation devices may be employed in a process vessel to maximize moisture removal from the upgraded charge. Heating media inlet nozzles and process chamber vents are strategically positioned at the process vessel wall to minimize short circuiting of heating media to vessel outlet vents and to continuously separate hot water removed from the charge and condensed steam, such that the upgraded material removed from the process vessel is not discharged with accompanying free moisture. After upgrading, the charge may be rehydrated to improve its stability during shipping and storage.

Abstract: Carbonaceous materials are thermally upgraded in a pressurized steam environment to remove moisture and other byproducts. A variety of water/solid separation devices may be employed in a process vessel to maximize moisture removal from the upgraded charge. Heating media inlet nozzles and process chamber vents are strategically positioned at the process vessel wall to minimize short circuiting of heating media to vessel outlet vents and to continuously separate hot water removed from the charge and condensed steam, such that the upgraded material removed from the process vessel is not discharged with accompanying free moisture. After upgrading, the charge may be rehydrated to improve its stability during shipping and storage.

Abstract: Process for the production of ammonium thiosulfate from gas streams comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. One embodiment of the invention provides absorbing SO2 into a solution of ammonium sulfite and then contacting gaseous feed streams with portions of the resulting solution in a plurality of contact zones where portions of ammonium sulfite in the liquid streams are converted to ammonium thiosulfate upon contact with the gaseous feed streams.

Abstract: Processes for selectively removing sulfur-containing compounds from a gas are described herein. The processes generally include contacting a first gas including carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide with a scrub solution including ammonium bisulfite and ammonium sulfite in a first contact zone to produce a first contact zone effluent liquid including ammonium thiosulfate and a first contact zone overhead gas in which the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is substantially reduced.

Abstract: Processes for selectively removing sulfur-containing compounds from a gas are described herein. The processes generally include contacting a first gas including carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide with a scrub solution including ammonium bisulfite and ammonium sulfite in a first contact zone to produce a first contact zone effluent liquid including ammonium thiosulfate and a first contact zone overhead gas including carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Process for the production of ammonium thiosulfate from gas streams comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. One embodiment of the invention provides absorbing SO2 into a solution of ammonium sulfite and then contacting gaseous feed streams with portions of the resulting solution in a plurality of contact zones where portions of ammonium sulfite in the liquid streams are converted to ammonium thiosulfate upon contact with the gaseous feed streams.

Abstract: Carbonaceous materials are thermally upgraded in a pressurized steam environment to remove moisture and other byproducts. A variety of water/solid separation devices may be employed in a process vessel to maximize moisture removal from the upgraded charge. Heating media inlet nozzles and process chamber vents are strategically positioned at the process vessel wall to minimize short circuiting of heating media to vessel outlet vents and to continuously separate hot water removed from the charge and condensed steam, such that the upgraded material removed from the process vessel is not discharged with accompanying free moisture. After upgrading, the charge may be rehydrated to improve its stability during shipping and storage.

Abstract: Methods for producing cyanide salts using a metathesis process using ion exchange to facilitate a double-decomposition reaction where components of a cyanide-containing compound are exchanged to produce a cyanide salt product are provided. In one embodiment of the invention, HCN may be converted to an alkali salt using a base. The alkali cyanide salt undergoes ion-exchange to yield the desired cyanide salt product. In another embodiment of the invention, hydrogen cyanide is directly converted to cyanide salts in an ion exchange bed without first being converted to a basic salt.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing thiosulfate from oxidation of reduced sulfur species without producing elemental sulfur and without converting more than 9% of the sulfur species to sulfate ion. The method consists essentially of oxidizing a thiosulfate solution with an oxidizing agent to produce a partially oxidized solution, adjusting the pH of the partially oxidized stream to between 5 and 8; and contacting the partially-oxidized solution with a stream containing a reduced sulfur species so that the reduced species is oxidized and the partially-oxidized stream reduced.

Abstract: Methods for producing cyanide salts using a metathesis process using ion exchange to facilitate a double-decomposition reaction where components of a cyanide-containing compound are exchanged to produce a cyanide salt product are provided. In one embodiment of the invention, HCN may be converted to an alkali salt using a base. The alkali cyanide salt undergoes ion-exchange to yield the desired cyanide salt product. In another embodiment of the invention, hydrogen cyanide is directly converted to cyanide salts in an ion exchange bed without first being converted to a basic salt.