Abstract: A method for transmitting data packets from a data source to a data sink with highest possible security in an energy efficient manner is obtained by at least two data packets are sent from the at least one data source to the at least one data sink, at least one of the at least two transmitted data packets being free of a single test value, the at least two data packets being sent from the at least one data source to the at least one data sink such that each of the at least two data packets received by the at least one data sink can be processed thereby essentially immediately after the reception of each data packet, and an overall test value for verifying integrity of a pre-defined number of associated data packets being transmitted to the at least one data sink from the at least one data source.

Abstract: A method for determining the fill level of a medium, wherein a transmission signal is transmitted, a return signal is received, and the return signal is evaluated in view of the process variable in a manner which allows a general and flexible handling of interfering signals in the received signals. This result is obtained by filtering at least one of the return signal, a signal derived from the return signal and an envelope curve formed from the return signal into at least one sub-signal, and using said at least one sub-signal for evaluating the return signal for at least determining the fill level.

Abstract: A microwave window (1) for spatial separation and microwave connection of a first space (2) from or with a second space (3) having an at least partially microwave-transparent pane (8) with two sides (6, 7) opposing one another. To provide a microwave window, which allows for an alternative reduction of the reflection of waves, the pane (8) is provided with at least one indentation or recess (9) on at least one side (6). The window (1) is incorporated into a fill level measuring system (10) using the radar principle.

Abstract: A dielectric antenna (1) having at least one supply element (2) and at least one lens (3) formed of a dielectric material. The dielectric antenna makes it possible to measure the surface of a medium with an essentially consistent measuring accuracy in that the lens (3) has an outer component (4) and an inner component (5). The outer component (4) has a radiating surface (6) that is spherical and an inner surface (7) that is spherical, and the inner component (5) has a contact surface (8) that spherical. Furthermore, the antenna is usable as part of a fill level sensor operating on the radar principle.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer for a time base generator of a level measuring device which works according to the radar principle, with at least one first output for output of a first frequency signal, with at least one second output for output of a second frequency signal, and with a reference oscillator for producing a reference frequency signal, the first frequency signal and the second frequency signal having a small difference frequency relative to one another, the first frequency signal being producible by interaction of the reference oscillator with a direct digital synthesizer. The first frequency signal and second frequency signal can be generated with especially low noise by the second frequency signal being derived from the reference oscillator without interconnection of a direct digital synthesizer and the direct digital synthesizer being operated such that only a noise spectrum is produced which is at least partially minimized.

Abstract: A drive unit for a synchronous ion shield mass separator having a reference oscillator (1), a digital direct synthesizer (2), a low-pass filter (3) and a comparator (4), wherein the synchronous ion shield mass separator has a comb-shaped separation electrode (6), the reference oscillator (1) provides the direct digital synthesizer (2) with a reference frequency, the output signal generated by the direct digital synthesizer is filtered by the low-pass filter (3) and the output signal of the low-pass filter (3) is processed by the comparator (4). A drive unit that can be applied flexibly and economically is implemented in that the output signal of the comparator (4) is converted by a programmable element (11) into a number of output signals corresponding to the number of teeth (7) of the comb-shaped separation electrode (6).

Abstract: A waveguide coupling, in particular for a radar level indicator having a waveguide, a carrier plate and at least one feed line, wherein the waveguide is placed on a first side of the carrier plate on the carrier plate, the feed line is guided on and/or in the carrier plate into the inner area of the waveguide and the feed line terminates with an end in the inner area of the waveguide. The carrier plate is continuous in the inner area of the waveguide and thus extends beyond the end of the feed line, an electrically conductive coupling element is arranged near the end of the feed line on and/or in the carrier plate, so that the coupling element is capacitively coupled with the feed line and the coupling element serves to couple electromagnetic waves led into the waveguide via the feed line in the waveguide.

Abstract: A drive unit for a synchronous ion shield mass separator having a reference oscillator (1), a digital direct synthesizer (2), a low-pass filter (3) and a comparator (4), wherein the synchronous ion shield mass separator has a comb-shaped separation electrode (6), the reference oscillator (1) provides the direct digital synthesizer (2) with a reference frequency, the output signal generated by the direct digital synthesizer is filtered by the low-pass filter (3) and the output signal of the low-pass filter (3) is processed by the comparator (4). A drive unit that can be applied flexibly and economically is implemented in that the output signal of the comparator (4) is converted by a programmable element (11) into a number of output signals corresponding to the number of teeth (7) of the comb-shaped separation electrode (6).

Abstract: A method of using of a level meter employing the radar principle, serving to measure the fill level of a medium in a container and incorporating an electric conductor system for conducting an electromagnetic signal into the container and returning reflected components of the electromagnetic signal from the container, the electric conductor system terminating at a predefined level in the container. In practicing the method a variation of the component of the electromagnetic signal reflected at the container-oriented end of the conductor system is utilized as an indicator of the attainment of the predefined fill level by the medium. This permits the detection of very small amounts of a medium for instance in the monitoring of drain pipes, spillway basins or leak-detection systems.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for producing short electrical pulses, including a logic gate (1) with a very short gate transit time and having a clock signal being supplied to a trigger input (2) of the logic gate (1) as a trigger signal. An output signal based on the trigger signal is generated as a short electrical pulse at an output (3) or at one output (3 or 4) or at both outputs (3 and 4) of the logic gate (1).

Abstract: A dielectric antenna having an at least partially dielectric body and an electrically conductive sheath, wherein the dielectric body can be struck on a supply section with electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic radiation can be at least partially emitted from the dielectric body via a lens-shaped radiation section. The conductive sheath essentially surrounds the dielectric body from the supply section to the radiation section and a supply opening is provided in the conductive sheath in the area of the supply section and a radiation opening is provided in the conductive sheath in the area of the radiation section. The dielectric antenna that is easy to produce, has little interference and has a short construction as a result of the dielectric antenna having essentially the cross section of the radiation opening in the area of the supply section.

Abstract: A sampling circuit for sequential sampling of a broadband periodic input signal having a field effect transistor as a nonlinear component to which a pulsed-shaped sampling signal is supplied, by which sampling is activated so that an output signal is produced. In this way, a sampling circuit is attained which is economical, technically durable and which can be used in a versatile and simple manner.

Abstract: A level meter employs the radar concept for measuring the fill level of a medium in a container and incorporates an electric conductor system for conducting an electromagnetic signal into the container and returning reflected components of the electromagnetic signal from the container. Here, the electric conductor assembly is integrated into a wall of the container. The result is a universally employable electric conductor assembly so configured as to be unobstructed by built-in structures in the container such as agitators, intake pipe fittings or discharge connectors.

Abstract: A method of using of a level meter employing the radar principle, serving to measure the fill level of a medium in a container and incorporating an electric conductor system for conducting an electromagnetic signal into the container and returning reflected components of the electromagnetic signal from the container, the electric conductor system terminating at a predefined level in the container. In practicing the method a variation of the component of the electromagnetic signal reflected at the container-oriented end of the conductor system is utilized as an indicator of the attainment of the predefined fill level by the medium. This permits the detection of very small amounts of a medium for instance in the monitoring of drain pipes, spillway basins or leak-detection systems.

Abstract: A level meter, employing the radar principle for measuring the fill level of a medium in a container, includes a signal transmitter serving to transmit an electromagnetic signal, an electric conductor system for conducting the electromagnetic signal into the container and returning reflected components of the electromagnetic signal from the container, and a signal receiver serving to receive the reflected components of the electromagnetic signal. An electric conductor system is provided at its upper end with a suspension by which it is attached to a device on the container. A tensile-load testing device is placed between the suspension and at least a part of the electric conductor system, featuring a break point for the electromagnetic signal, with the distance between the break point and the signal transmitter or the signal receiver varying as a function of the tensile load bearing on the conductor system.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer for a time base generator of a level measuring device which works according to the radar principle, with at least one first output for output of a first frequency signal, with at least one second output for output of a second frequency signal, and with a reference oscillator for producing a reference frequency signal, the first frequency signal and the second frequency signal having a small difference frequency relative to one another, the first frequency signal being producible by interaction of the reference oscillator with a direct digital synthesizer. The first frequency signal and second frequency signal can be generated with especially low noise by the second frequency signal being derived from the reference oscillator without interconnection of a direct digital synthesizer and the direct digital synthesizer being operated such that only a noise spectrum is produced which is at least partially minimized.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for producing short electrical pulses, including a logic gate (1) with a very short gate transit time and having a clock signal being supplied to a trigger input (2) of the logic gate (1) as a trigger signal. An output signal based on the trigger signal is generated as a short electrical pulse at an output (3) or at one output (3 or 4) or at both outputs (3 and 4) of the logic gate (1).

Abstract: In an antenna for a level meter employing the radar principle, a fastening device is provided for detachably mounting a dielectric insert in the antenna. The fastening device may be a continuous clamping collar that clamps the dielectric insert in place in the antenna. This offers a simple, universally employable possibility for fastening a dielectric insert in the antenna.

Abstract: A dielectric antenna having an at least partially dielectric body and an electrically conductive sheath, wherein the dielectric body can be struck on a supply section with electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic radiation can be at least partially emitted from the dielectric body via a lens-shaped radiation section. The conductive sheath essentially surrounds the dielectric body from the supply section to the radiation section and a supply opening is provided in the conductive sheath in the area of the supply section and a radiation opening is provided in the conductive sheath in the area of the radiation section. The dielectric antenna that is easy to produce, has little interference and has a short construction as a result of the dielectric antenna having essentially the cross section of the radiation opening in the area of the supply section.

Abstract: A level meter, employing the radar principle for measuring the fill level of a medium in a container, includes a signal transmitter serving to transmit an electromagnetic signal, an electric conductor system for conducting the electromagnetic signal into the container and returning reflected components of the electromagnetic signal from the container, and a signal receiver serving to receive the reflected components of the electromagnetic signal. An electric conductor system is provided at its upper end with a suspension by which it is attached to a device on the container. A tensile-load testing device is placed between the suspension and at least a part of the electric conductor system, featuring a break point for the electromagnetic signal, with the distance between the break point and the signal transmitter or the signal receiver varying as a function of the tensile load bearing on the conductor system.