Abstract: A sensor assembly of a vehicle. The sensor includes a control device, a multitude of sensors, each sensor having an individual sensor identifier, a data bus, which connects each sensor to the control device, and a supply line, which connects each sensor to the control device for a voltage supply. Each sensor has a shunt resistor. All shunt resistors are integrated in series into the supply line. Each sensor is developed to detect a voltage drop at its respective shunt resistor. The control device is developed to actuate each sensor with the aid of the individual sensor identifier and to assign an individual geographical address to each sensor based on the detected voltage drops along the supply line.

Abstract: Provided are adhesive monomers for dental materials including compounds represented by the general formula (1) below, in which the core (X) and the terminal group (Y1) are bonded to each other directly or via the linking group (Z): X(Y1)n1a(Z—Y1)n1b(1) wherein n1a represents the number of terminal groups (Y1) directly bonded to the core (X), n1b represents the number of terminal groups (Y1) bonded to the core (X) via the linking group (Z), and the sum of n1a and n1b is equal to the valence of the core (X); the core (X), the linking group (Z) and the terminal group (Y1) are further defined. The adhesive monomers can enhance adhesive strength to the tooth in dental treatment, and impart high mechanical strength to cured products.

Abstract: The invention relates to the establishing of a communication connection between an electric or hybrid vehicle and a charging station. To this end, a transfer protocol, which enables communication between the electric or hybrid vehicle and the charging station, can be selected either in the electric or hybrid vehicle or alternatively in the charging station. Selection of a transfer protocol from a plurality of available transfer protocols enables a flexible coupling between the electric or hybrid vehicle and the charging station to be achieved.

Abstract: Provided are adhesive monomers for dental materials including compounds represented by the general formula (1) below, in which the core (X) and the terminal group (Y1) are bonded to each other directly or via the linking group (Z): X(Y1)n1a(Z?Y1)n1b(1) wherein n1a represents the number of terminal groups (Y1) directly bonded to the core (X), n1b represents the number of terminal groups (Y1) bonded to the core (X) via the linking group (Z), and the sum of n1a and n1b is equal to the valence of the core (X); the core (X), the linking group (Z) and the terminal group (Y1) are further defined. The adhesive monomers can enhance adhesive strength to the tooth in dental treatment, and impart high mechanical strength to cured products.

Abstract: The invention discloses a partially elastic shaped body in the form of a negative image of a dental arch containing a matrix based on a gel containing an active substance or a system with a mineralizing effect as well as an application system for the treatment of teeth. The application system comprises an application dental splint that is well-suited for use on the upper and/or lower jaw, whereby the dental splint can accommodate at least one first three-dimensional shaped body that is adapted to the splint and contains a matrix, preferably the dental splint can be deformed by heat. The matrix of the at least one first and optionally further shaped body contains at least one active substance or a system with a mineralizing effect containing phosphates, calcium, and fluorides. The method for producing the application system and a kit comprising the application system are also a subject matter of the invention.

Abstract: The invention proposes a kit and formulations for biomimetic deposition of apatite on teeth from a partially elastic shaped body comprising an envelope, whereby the shaped body a) comprises at least one mineralization matrix containing a gel that comprises water-soluble phosphates or phosphates that can be hydrolysed to form water-soluble phosphate ions and has a pH value of 2 to 8, optionally fluorides, and b) the at least one or a second mineralization matrix comprises a second gel having a pH value of 3.5 to 14 comprising calcium ions or compounds releasing calcium ions. Moreover, the method for producing the formulation and the use thereof for the deposition of apatite, in particular of needle-shaped fluorapatite crystallites, is claimed. Using the formulations according to the invention, it is feasible to deposit more than or equal to 1 ?m apatite, in particular fluorapatite, on tooth surfaces in order to seal or brighten porous tooth surfaces.

Abstract: The invention proposes formulations for biomimetic deposition of apatite from a partially elastic shaped body on teeth, whereby the shaped body a) contains at least one mineralization matrix containing a gel that comprises water-soluble phosphates or phosphates that can be hydrolyzed to form water-soluble phosphate ions and has a pH value of 2 to 8, optionally fluorides, and b) the at least one or a second mineralization matrix comprises a second gel having a pH value of 3.5 to 14 comprising calcium ions or compounds releasing calcium ions. Moreover, the method for producing the formulation for the deposition of apatite, in particular of needle-shaped fluorapatite crystals, is claimed. Using the formulations according to the invention, it is feasible to deposit more than or equal to 1 ?m apatite, in particular fluorapatite, on tooth surfaces in order to seal or brighten porous tooth surfaces.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor arrangement for determining a tank fill level of a liquid, especially a reducing agent for removing nitrogen from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, which liquid is contained in a tank, at least two electrically conductive measuring electrodes being at least partially embedded in a carrier that is produced of an electrically non-conductive material. The sensor arrangement includes a temperature sensor, especially a resistor with negative temperature coefficient being used as a temperature sensor, which is integrated into the carrier.

Abstract: A procedure for checking the functionality of an electric heating device (10) with at least one PTC-element (13, 14) is suggested. The electric heating device (10) is operated at a battery voltage. When controlling the heating device (10) it is impinged with a current and at least one measuring value is detected, which represents the current that flows through the heating device. The measuring value for the current is compared to at least one reference value with a default tolerance width while considering the battery voltage. In the case of a measuring value that deviates from the reference value an error can be assumed.

Abstract: A method for metering a reagent which an emission control device situated in the exhaust duct of an internal combustion engine requires for removing at least one exhaust gas component from the exhaust gas and a device for executing the method are described. The fluid level of the reagent stored in a reagent tank is measured. The measured change in the fluid level is compared to at least one measure for the change in the fluid level calculated as a function of consumption. An error signal is output when the comparison result exceeds a predefined threshold value. This approach enables reliable information to be provided about the fluid level of the reagent in the reagent tank.

Abstract: A method for introducing a reagent medium into an exhaust gas conduit of an internal combustion engine, and an apparatus for carrying out the method. Provision is made for a diagnosis of the pressure sensor. In at least one first time interval in which a steady pressure state is expected, a check is made as to whether the pressure signal at least approximately corresponds to the steady-state pressure. In at least one second time interval in which a pressure change occurs, a check is made as to whether the pressure signal at least approximately corresponds to a predetermined test pressure and/or at least approximately exhibits a predetermined change with respect to the steady-state pressure. A fault signal is supplied if at least one of the conditions is not met.

Abstract: A method for operating a metering valve and a device for performing the method, providing for diagnosis of the metering valve which defines a flow rate of a reagent to be introduced into an exhaust gas area of an internal combustion engine. The diagnosis is performed on the basis of an analysis of a measure for the flow rate during a diagnosis time. According to a first embodiment, after a diagnosis start signal has occurred with the metering valve closed, the reagent is brought to a predefined diagnosis starting pressure via a pump; the metering valve is then set at a predefined flow rate and the pressure difference occurring during the diagnosis time is analyzed. According to another embodiment, the amount of reagent delivered by the metering valve during the diagnosis time into a graduated beaker is analyzed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor arrangement for determining a tank fill level of a liquid, especially a reducing agent for removing nitrogen from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, which liquid is contained in a tank, at least two electrically conductive measuring electrodes being at least partially embedded in a carrier that is produced of an electrically non-conductive material. The sensor arrangement includes a temperature sensor, especially a resistor with negative temperature coefficient being used as a temperature sensor, which is integrated into the carrier.

Abstract: A procedure for checking the functionality of an electric heating device (10) with at least one PTC-element (13, 14) is suggested. The electric heating device (10) is operated at a battery voltage. When controlling the heating device (10) it is impinged with a current and at least one measuring value is detected, which represents the current that flows through the heating device. The measuring value for the current is compared to at least one reference value with a default tolerance width while considering the battery voltage. In the case of a measuring value that deviates from the reference value an error can be assumed.

Abstract: A method for operating an exhaust-gas treatment device of an internal combustion engine and a device for carrying out the method, in which a reagent, whose pressure is measured by a reagent pressure sensor, is introduced into the exhaust-gas area upstream from the exhaust-gas treatment device. First the reagent pressure is brought to the exhaust-gas pressure which prevails in the exhaust-gas area upstream from the exhaust-gas treatment device. Then the pressure difference between the reagent pressure and the sum of the exhaust-gas pressure and the ambient air pressure is compared to a predefined pressure difference threshold, and if the pressure difference threshold is exceeded an error signal is supplied. The procedure contributes to an exact metering of the reagent through a diagnosis of the reagent pressure sensor.

Abstract: Procedure for controlling a digital tank fuel level sensor in a tank that is subjected to movements is thereby characterized, in that sloshing events are determined and in that the fuel level around the encoder position (205) in the tank is concluded from the number of sloshing events and in that from that the functioning of the tank fuel level sensor can be assumed.

Abstract: A method for operating a metering valve and a device for performing the method, providing for diagnosis of the metering valve which defines a flow rate of a reagent to be introduced into an exhaust gas area of an internal combustion engine. The diagnosis is performed on the basis of an analysis of a measure for the flow rate during a diagnosis time. According to a first embodiment, after a diagnosis start signal has occurred with the metering valve closed, the reagent is brought to a predefined diagnosis starting pressure via a pump; the metering valve is then set at a predefined flow rate and the pressure difference occurring during the diagnosis time is analyzed. According to another embodiment, the amount of reagent delivered by the metering valve during the diagnosis time into a graduated beaker is analyzed.

Abstract: A method for introducing a reagent medium into an exhaust gas conduit of an internal combustion engine (10), and an apparatus for carrying out the method, are proposed. Provision is made for a diagnosis of the pressure sensor (20, 22). In at least one first time interval (t8, t10) in which a steady pressure state is expected, a check is made as to whether the pressure signal (21, 23) at least approximately corresponds to the steady-state pressure (100, 107). In at least one second time interval (t9, t11) in which a pressure change occurs, a check is made as to whether the pressure signal (21, 23) at least approximately corresponds to a predetermined test pressure (104, 108) and/or at least approximately exhibits a predetermined change with respect to the steady-state pressure (100, 107). A fault signal (72) is supplied if at least one of the conditions is not met.

Abstract: A method for metering a reagent into the exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine is provided, in which the reagent is guided in at least one component and in which a measure for the temperature of the component is recorded. The measure for the temperature is compared to a predefined temperature threshold value. A counter counts the number of times the threshold is exceeded. If the counter state exceeds a predefined count threshold value, a service signal is emitted. The temperature threshold value is fixed, for example, at the freezing temperature of the reagent. One embodiment provides that the counter counts an exceeding of the temperature threshold value only when the component is filled with the reagent.

Abstract: A method for operating an exhaust-gas treatment device of an internal combustion engine and a device for carrying out the method, in which a reagent, whose pressure is measured by a reagent pressure sensor, is introduced into the exhaust-gas area upstream from the exhaust-gas treatment device. First the reagent pressure is brought to the exhaust-gas pressure which prevails in the exhaust-gas area upstream from the exhaust-gas treatment device. Then the pressure difference between the reagent pressure and the sum of the exhaust-gas pressure and the ambient air pressure is compared to a predefined pressure difference threshold, and if the pressure difference threshold is exceeded an error signal is supplied. The procedure contributes to an exact metering of the reagent through a diagnosis of the reagent pressure sensor.