Abstract: A waveguide driving circuit for generating a current pulse in a waveguide includes a voltage source for providing a direct voltage, a choke the first terminal of which is coupled to a first terminal of the voltage source, a first switch the first terminal of which is coupled to a second terminal of the choke and the second terminal of which is coupled to a second terminal of the voltage source, the waveguide the first terminal of which at a first waveguide end is coupled to the first terminal of the first switch and the second terminal of which at the first waveguide end is coupled to a second terminal of the voltage source, and a controller implemented to open and close the first switch, to generate a current pulse at the terminals of the waveguide at the first waveguide end.

Abstract: A circuit for processing an analog signal having a time sequence of discrete signal levels, each of which lies in a time interval and represents an information-bearing segment of the interval while the rest of the time interval is a non-information-bearing segment, comprises a transistor (10) in emitter-follower or source-follower configuration, a high emitter or source resistance or, instead, a high-ohm constant current source (20), and a device (14) for applying a voltage supply, as well as a switch (24) which is connected between the emitter and a reference potential (26) to prevent a current from flowing via the high-ohm resistance or the high-ohm voltage source (20) for charge reversal of an output capacitance (22) of the circuit in one direction, whereas for charge reversal in the other direction the dynamic current boosting effect of the transistor (10) is exploited. This results in a fast emitter-follower or source-follower circuit which is particularly suitable as the output stage for image sensors.

Abstract: A circuit for processing a supply voltage with a voltage peak to obtain an output signal with reduced or eliminated voltage peak, comprises a first capacitance and a second capacitance, wherein a controllable resistor is formed between the first and second capacitance in series to the same, which has a high resistance when a voltage at the first capacitance is smaller than an input voltage set value, and whose resistance is reduced to a lower resistance when the input voltage at the first capacitance is higher than or equal to the input voltage set value, so that finally, when the output voltage at the second capacitance reaches an output voltage set value, the controllable resistor is substantially no longer visible, but connects the two capacitances in parallel.

Abstract: A switch device includes a switch to be tested with a first terminal and a second terminal as well as a control terminal for controlling a resistance between the first terminal and the second terminal. Furthermore, the switch device includes a resistor as well as means for providing a measuring current across the resistor into the first terminal of the switch to be tested, wherein the control terminal and the first terminal of the switch to be tested are coupled in electrically conductive manner. Furthermore, the switch device includes means for sensing a voltage present due to the measuring current between the control terminal and the second terminal of the switch to be tested, wherein the voltage refers to an operability of the switch to be tested. With the switch device, in particular a greater number of potentially occurring errors of the switch to be tested can be detected as opposed to conventional switch devices.

Abstract: A control device for controlling a charging switch in a switching regulator with an inductance, a filter capacitance and a diode comprises a clock generator for providing an operating clock, an output voltage detection means and an inductance current detection means, as well as a comparator for comparing the detection signals generated by the two detection means. The charging switch is switched on by an event in the clock and switched off when the comparator determines a predetermined relation between the two detection signals. The voltage detection signal is formed to have an inverted curve in relation to the detected output voltage, such that when the output voltage to be detected increases the detection signal falls and vice versa. Thus, a stable and simple regulation of the output voltage across a current locked loop is possible, where no filtering of an actual value has to be performed. Thus, a stable current locked loop with simple structure is obtained in a wide range.

Abstract: A control device for controlling a charging switch in a switching regulator with an inductance, a filter capacitance and a diode comprises a clock generator for providing an operating clock, an output voltage detection means and an inductance current detection means, as well as a comparator for comparing the detection signals generated by the two detection means. The charging switch is switched on by an event in the clock and switched off when the comparator determines a predetermined relation between the two detection signals. The voltage detection signal is formed to have an inverted curve in relation to the detected output voltage, such that when the output voltage to be detected increases the detection signal falls and vice versa. Thus, a stable and simple regulation of the output voltage across a current locked loop is possible, where no filtering of an actual value has to be performed. Thus, a stable current locked loop with simple structure is obtained in a wide range.

Abstract: A switching regulator for generating a regulated output voltage comprises a charging switch, a network with a coil, a capacitor and a diode as well as a control to open and close the charging switch. On the output side, the network has a positive output rail and a negative output rail, wherein the output voltage to be regulated is applied between the positive output rail and the negative output rail. The control is formed to control a change-over switch to connect the control input of the charging switch either to the positive output rail or the negative output rail via a potential coupling means. Thus, for controlling the switch, no individual potential has to be generated, but the potential at the positive output rail or the negative output rail, which is anyway applied, is used for controlling the charging switch. Thereby, the inventive switching regulator can be structured in a simple way and, additionally, provides defined and fast startup without requiring additional startup circuits.

Abstract: A circuit for processing a supply voltage with a voltage peak to obtain an output signal with reduced or eliminated voltage peak, comprises a first capacitance and a second capacitance, wherein a controllable resistor is formed between the first and second capacitance in series to the same, which has a high resistance when a voltage at the first capacitance is smaller than an input voltage set value, and whose resistance is reduced to a lower resistance when the input voltage at the first capacitance is higher than or equal to the input voltage set value, so that finally, when the output voltage at the second capacitance reaches an output voltage set value, the controllable resistor is substantially no longer visible, but connects the two capacitances in parallel.

Abstract: A thermodynamic machine for the absorption and emission of heat at different temperatures has at least one thermodynamic device with at least one membrane separating a gas phase and a liquid phase provided for transport of heat, wherein the at least one membrane is permeable for at least one component contained in the gas and liquid phases. The at least one membrane is a porous membrane or a solution diffusion membrane or a modification of the porous membrane or a modification of the solution diffusion membrane.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a casing of a larger length for foodstuffs, particularly for sausages. Said casing is comprised of a number of casing sections, which contain collagens, while using a mandrel onto which a first casing section is slid followed by a second casing section, whereby the facing end areas of both casing sections overlap on the mandrel thus resulting in the formation of an overlapping area of casing sections on which heat and pressure are temporarily applied to at least partially weld the casing sections to one another in the overlapping area. The overlapping area is positioned on a deformable expanding body, which is placed inside the casing sections and whose diameter can be enlarged from an initial diameter up to a final diameter. The expanding body is enlarged form its initial diameter to its final diameter before or during the welding process whereby resulting in enlarging the diameter of the overlapping area as well.