Abstract: A fixed bed gasifier for generating a producer or synthesis gas from solid fuel, particularly from slagging fuel, includes a gasifier tank, a fuel supply for supplying a solid fuel, and one or more gasification agent supplies for supplying one or more gasification agents used to gasify the solid fuel provided in the tank. An outlet discharges slag and producer gas which result from the gasification of the solid fuel. At least one section of a tank wall of the gasifier tank is surrounded by a temperature homogenizing layer, the heat conductivity of which is higher than the heat conductivity of the gasifier tank and which ensures an even temperature distribution in the tank wall in the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the gasifier tank.

Abstract: A fixed bed gasifier generates a producer or synthesis gas of a solid fuel, particularly of slagging fuel. The gasifier includes a gasifier tank, a fuel supply for supplying solid fuel, and at least one gasification agent supply for supplying at least one gasification agent that is used to gasify the solid fuel provided in the tank. An outlet discharges slag and producer and synthesis gas which result from the gasification of the solid fuel. At least two rollers are arranged beneath or downstream of the gasifier tank and counter-rotate about their roller longitudinal axis for conveying residues remaining from the gasification of the fuel, particularly carbonaceous ash and slag, out of the fixed bed gasifier. The distance between the two longitudinal roller axes is at least as large as the width or the diameter of the outlet of the gasifier tank.

Abstract: A method of operating a fixed-bed gasifier includes positioning a tapping element at a first point above a bed of fuel particles, lowering the tapping element into the fuel particles along a first linear path to form a first linear passage in the fuel particles, raising the tapping element to retract the tapping element from the fuel particles along the first linear path so that the tapping element exits the fuel particles from the first linear passage, positioning the tapping element at a second point above the fuel particles, lowering the tapping element into the fuel particles along a second linear path to form a second linear passage in the fuel particles, and raising the tapping element to retract the tapping element from the fuel particles along the second linear path so that the tapping element exits the fuel particles from the second linear passage.

Abstract: A method of operating a fixed-bed gasifier includes positioning a tapping element at a first point above a bed of fuel particles, lowering the tapping element into the fuel particles along a first linear path to form a first linear passage in the fuel particles, raising the tapping element to retract the tapping element from the fuel particles along the first linear path so that the tapping element exits the fuel particles from the first linear passage, positioning the tapping element at a second point above the fuel particles, lowering the tapping element into the fuel particles along a second linear path to form a second linear passage in the fuel particles, and raising the tapping element to retract the tapping element from the fuel particles along the second linear path so that the tapping element exits the fuel particles from the second linear passage.

Abstract: A fixed bed gasifier has a clinker breakup device. The tapping element of the clinker breakup device can be positioned at different points, allowing the tapping element to be small but capable of reaching all regions of the fuel particle bed. The tapping element intermittently enters the fuel particle bed in gasifying operation. Before it re-enters the bed, the drive mechanism adjusts the position of the tapping element so that it does not enter the same tapping channel again. Repeated local spiking at different times and locations moves the gasifier bed and disrupts the sintering of clinker particles that can block the gasifier cross section. Gas continues to flow through individual zones over the entire cross section, and not just in the tapped channel. Lumps of clinker that have sintered together are conveyed onward—toward the support device—or else broken up.

Abstract: A heat-shrinkable packaging article comprises a heat-shrinkable film tubing having an inside heat seal layer sealed to itself with the heat seal layer having a thickness of at least 0.1 mil and made from a polymeric composition with a density <0.92 g/cc, the seal layer comprising ?2000 ppm antiblock particulates of average particle size ?3?, fast-blooming release agent, slow-blooming release agent, and an outside layer. The packaging article can be dustless, and it passes a Standard Openability Test. Also disclosed is a dustless packaging article having a low peak or instantaneous coefficient of friction, an assembly comprising an imbricated set of packaging articles adhered to tapes, and a rotary chamber packaging process using the packaging articles. The packaging article can be dustless.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for cooling product gas generated from biomass includes a cylindrical main body, a rod-shaped component, a gas inlet and a gas outlet. The cylindrical main body has a circumferential cladding. An annular flow channel is formed in the cylindrical main body around the rod-shaped component, which extends axially in the main body. The gas inlet and gas outlet are disposed towards opposite ends of the main body. The gas inlet is tubular and enters the annular flow channel tangentially to the circumferential cladding and perpendicularly to the axial direction of the cylindrical main body. The velocity of the cooling product gas is maintained by making the cross-sectional area of the gas outlet smaller than that of the gas inlet. A helical shaped guide plate is disposed in the annular flow channel and has an outer circumferential edge that seals against an inner surface of the circumferential cladding.

Abstract: A cyclone separator for separating particles from a gas flow includes a gas inlet and a separating element. The separating element includes an upper cylindrical section connected to a gas outlet and a lower conical section connected to a particle outlet. The first end of the gas inlet is on a straight section, and the second end of the gas inlet in on a helical section. The second end is connected to the upper cylindrical section. The cross-sectional area of the gas inlet continually decreases, and the vertical or longitudinal dimension of the gas inlet continually increases from the first end towards the second end. The vertical dimension at the second end equals the diameter of the upper cylindrical section. A guide plate inside the straight section distributes the particles over the increasing vertical dimension of the gas inlet and prevents the particles from concentrating centrally in the gas flow.

Abstract: A rotary grate with slit-shaped openings is used in fixed-bed gasifier that produces a product gas from biomass particles. The rotary grate supports the biomass particles. Each slit-shaped opening has a cross-section that conically widens in the direction from the upper to lower side of the grate. The slit-shaped openings act as planes to break up ash supported by the grate as a drive shaft rotates the grate. As the grate rotates, a dome-shaped covering in the middle of the grate causes ash to be spun laterally away from the middle and into the region of the grate where the slit-shaped openings are located. The slit-shaped openings extend concentrically around the middle of the grate. The combined open area of the slit-shaped openings on the upper side of the grate makes up between 20% to 40% of the grating surface area outside the dome-shaped covering on the upper side.

Abstract: A downdraft fixed-bed gasifier for producing product gas from pourable biomass particles includes a gasifier container, a gasifier component, a feeder, an air supply inlet, a grate and a product gas vent. The gasifier container has a larger diameter than does the gasifier component. The lower open end of the gasifier component extends down into the gasifier container. The feeder is adapted to receive biomass particles into the upper closed end of the gasifier component. Combustion air is fed into the gasifier component through the air supply inlet located near the upper closed end. The grate supports the biomass particles and is disposed in a lower portion of the gasifier container below the lower open end of the gasifier component. Product gas generated from oxidizing the biomass particles exits the gasifier container through the product gas vent located in the side of the container below the level of the grate.

Abstract: A method inhibits formation of deposits on a cooling surface of an electrode. The electrode is used in a manufacturing system that deposits a material on a carrier body. The cooling surface comprises copper. The system includes a reactor defining a chamber. The electrode is at least partially disposed within the chamber and supports the carrier body. A circulation system, in fluid communication with the electrode, transports a coolant composition to and from the cooling surface. The coolant composition comprises a coolant and dissolved copper from the cooling surface. A filtration system is in fluid communication with the circulation system. The method heats the electrode. The cooling surface of the electrode is contacted with the coolant composition. The material is deposited on the carrier body, and the coolant composition is filtered with the filtration system to remove at least a portion of the dissolved copper therefrom.

Abstract: A product gas is generated from carbonaceous raw materials by allothermic gasification in a reactor. The reactor includes a pressure-charged reformer reactor for gasification of the carbonaceous raw materials, a feed line for feeding carbonaceous raw materials and ancillary materials for gasification into the reformer reactor, a combustion chamber thermally coupled to the reformer reactor for generating the heat required for the allothermic gasification, and a pneumatic conveyor device for removing particulate gasification residue and raw gas from the reformer reactor and for feeding the particulate gasification residue into the combustion chamber. A gas filter separates out the particulate gasification residue from the raw gas. The gas filter has a discharge line for product gas and discharge line for solid particles. A pressure lock has a high-pressure side and a low-pressure side. The gas filter and the pressure lock are separate components.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluidized-bed reactor having a higher power density and to an exchangeable insert for said fluidized-bed reactor, which insert makes the higher power density possible. The supply and pre-heating of the fluidizing agent, especially air, to the fluidized bed is combined with the cooling of the reactor vessel wall owing to the preferably exchangeable insert in the fluidized-bed reactor. The “cold” fluidizing agent is guided in at least one flow channel in the metal jacket surrounding the fluidized bed and is preheated and said channel and is then injected into the fluidized bed in an appropriate location. The reactor vessel wall is cooled by pre-heating the fluidizing agent. The desired and required values for cooling the reactor vessel and the desired pre-heating of the fluidizing agent can be adjusted by suitably selecting the parameters ‘length’ and ‘volume’ of the flow channels in the insert and the flow rate of the fluidizing agent in the flow channels.