Abstract: An overvoltage protection circuit passes all the normal operating voltages and limits the peak voltage increase during a lightning impulse to a level comparable to the battery voltage. Normal operating voltages of 200 V peak are passed and under lightning impulse conditions the voltage increase is limited to about 90 V. The circuit has first and second protectors connected in series, the first protector being a standard thyristor protector and the second being a gated bidirectional thyristor connected to a diode and a capacitor.

Abstract: An overvoltage protection device, particularly for protecting equipment against electrical surges caused by lightning, wherein the protective device includes a first protection element for protecting the equipment from an electrical surge of positive polarity and a second protection element for protecting the equipment from an electrical surge of negative polarity, the first and second protection elements having substantially asymmetric surge capabilities. More specifically, the overvoltage protection device comprises a semiconductor substrate of one conductivity type having first and second pluralities of dopant regions of the opposite conductivity type disposed therein and respectively opening onto upper and lower major surfaces of the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for testing semiconductor devices, especially overvoltage protectors, involves the application to the device to be tested of a standard surge waveform which is truncated by terminating it early. The amount of heating of the device by the truncated surge waveform is ascertained by monitoring or measuring a heat sensitive parameter of the device during and/or shortly after the application of the waveform. Devices which undergo less heating are capable of withstanding higher electrical loads in service than those which become more heated. The early termination is effected by a controllable short circuit operating on the standard waveform. The differential coefficient with respect to time of a heat sensitive parameter may be monitored continually during the truncated waveform and used to operate the short circuit even earlier if the differential coefficient exceeds a threshold value indicating an undue temperature rise in the device.

Abstract: This invention describes a maintenance termination unit often used in telephone lines and particularly the triggering circuit for use in such units. The triggering circuit uses two complementary transistors Q1, Q2 and a diode Z1 along with a resistor R and capacitor C2 in specific electrical connection sequence to provide for "turn-on" by either reaching the preset "turn on" voltage or by having a significantly high rate of voltage rise.

Abstract: A semiconductor component for limiting transient voltages on the signal or other supply lines of a system, includes, in a common semiconductor body, a plurality of multi-junction diodes connected in the same sense between a common terminal and respective input means which are for connection to the respective supply lines of the system, and a respective further diode connected in shunt with each multi-junction diode with the opposite sense to the multi-junction diode.

Abstract: A starter circuit for a fluorescent tube lamp is connected between the cathode heaters of the tube to provide an initial heating current and then changes to a high impedance to ignite the tube. The circuit is fed by raw rectified a.c. and has a main thyristor requiring a high holding current to maintain the initial conduction. The current through the main thyristor sets up a voltage across a series diode which triggers a second thyristor to reduce the gate voltage of the main thyristor. The main thyristor ceases conduction when the current falls below the holding value and the inductive ballast impedance then produces a high energy striking pulse for the tube. The pulse voltage is limited to increase its duration. One embodiment generates a single pulse only each time the circuit is switched on and another embodiment produces pulses for a period of time before becoming quiescent. The main thyristor and the voltage limiting means are embodied in a monolithic semiconductor structure.

Abstract: A starter circuit for a fluorescent tube lamp is connected between the cathode heaters of the tube to provide an initial heating current and then changes to a high impedance to ignite the tube. The circuit is fed by raw rectified a.c. and has a main thyristor requiring a high holding current to maintain the initial conduction. The current through the main thyristor sets up a voltage across a series diode which triggers a second thyristor to reduce the gate voltage of the main thyristor. The main thyristor ceases conduction when the current falls below the holding value and the inductive ballast impedance then produces a high energy striking pulse for the tube. The pulse voltage is limited to increase its duration. One embodiment generates a single pulse only each time the circuit is switched on and another embodiment produces pulses for a period of time before becoming quiescent. The main thyristor and the voltage limiting means are embodied in a monolithic semiconductor structure.

Abstract: A direct a.c. supply converter for converting an N (.gtoreq.2) phase input voltage system into an a.c. output voltage system of different frequency, amplitude, and/or phase using width-modulated contributions from the phases of the input voltage system to produce the output voltage system suffers from the disadvantage that the maximum output voltage amplitude can be limited to the minimum instantaneous voltage of the input voltage system because of the arbitrary timing relationship between the two voltage systems. This limitation is relieved by the addition of a component at the N.sup.th harmonic of the input system frequency to the width-modulation so that the effective minimum instantaneous voltage of the input system is increased. An increase in the maximum output voltage amplitude can also be obtained by adding to the width-modulation a component at the P.sup.th harmonic of the output system frequency; this can be used along or in conjunction with the component at the N.sup.