Abstract: Techniques, apparatus, materials and systems are described for providing solar cells. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a high efficiency dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The DSSC includes three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes. The three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes can include a cathode; an electrolyte; and anode that includes TiO2 nanotubes arranged in a three-dimensional structure; and a photosensitive dye coated on the anode.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are disclosed for implementing and fabricating electrochemical solar cells including dye-sensitized and perovskite-sensitized solar cells. In one aspect, a dye-sensitized solar cell device includes a cathode including a metal mesh structure that is optically transmissive and electrically conductive, an anode including a metal base layer that is optically opaque and electrically conductive, one or more layers of a semiconductive oxide coupled to the anode, the one or more layers of the semiconductive oxide including nanostructures having a photosensitive dye material coating, in which the anode generates photoelectric energy based on absorption of light by the photosensitive dye material, and an electrolyte of a substantially transparent substance and formed between the cathode and the one or more layers of a semiconductive oxide.

Abstract: Techniques, apparatus, materials and systems are described for providing solar cells. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a high efficiency dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The DSSC includes three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes. The three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes can include a cathode; an electrolyte; and anode that includes TiO2 nanotubes arranged in a three-dimensional structure; and a photosensitive dye coated on the anode.

Abstract: A bolt head reforming tool for extracting bolts that have had their head stripped such that they cannot be removed with a wrench. A hollow tool has a central opening which has a lower portion large enough to pass over the head of the bolt and an inner portion which is smaller than the head of the bolt such that the tool can be driven onto the head of the bolt with a hammer such that the smaller portion cuts the head of the bolt to reform it to its original position. The tool may have a staggered inside cutting edge so that as the tool is driven further onto the head of the bolt, a third inner surface also cuts the head of the bolt. The outer surface of the tool is formed such that a wrench can be connected thereto so as to turn the tool and the bolt to thus remove the head.