Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to paraffins useful as liquid fuels. The process involves the conversion of water soluble oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenates, such as alcohols, furans, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, followed by the subsequent conversion of the oxygenates to paraffins by dehydration and alkylation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of sugars to sugar alcohols using a hydrogenation catalyst, which includes apparatus and method for in-line regeneration of the hydrogenation catalyst to remove carbonaceous deposits.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to paraffins useful as liquid fuels. The process involves the conversion of water soluble oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenates, such as alcohols, furans, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, followed by the subsequent conversion of the oxygenates to paraffins by dehydration and alkylation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

Abstract: The invention is method and apparatus for in situ mechanical adjustment of electromagnetic power coupled through an aperture or slot. In its preferred form this adjustment of coupling is achieved by electrically connecting two thin, curved conductive leaf springs (20) to ground plane (14) at the ends of the coupling aperture or slot (12). The springs (20) are curved so as to bend away from the center of the aperture or slot opening (12). The aperture or slot is usually enclosed by a metal backing cavity (22) to prevent radiation from the rear of the aperture or slot and to provide a method for mechanically adjusting the position of springs (20) over the aperture or slot (12), e.g., by adjustment of screws (24). By advancing or retracting screws (24), leaf springs (20) are caused to progressively cover or uncover aperture or slot (12), thereby adjusting the electric field across the aperture or slot (12) and the coupled electromagnetic power through the aperture or slot (12).