Abstract: The capacitive engine is an asymmetrical capacitor which produces a net non-zero electrostatic force when a voltage difference is applied between the two conductor-semiconductor contacts of an incompletely spherical extrinsic semiconductor shell. At least one Schottky barrier is made from one of the conductor-semiconductor contacts at either of the extrinsic semiconductor's inner or outer radius and is always in reverse bias. Since the Schottky barrier is always in reverse bias, the reverse biased Schottky barrier becomes an electronic capacitor mimicking the shape of the incompletely spherical shell of the extrinsic semiconductor. A net non-zero electrostatic force is thereby produced because the inner and outer radial surface areas of the electronic capacitor have a non-zero difference and this difference is multiplied by the relative electrical permittivity of the incompletely spherical extrinsic semiconductor shell when calculating the net electrostatic force of the capacitive engine.

Abstract: The capacitive engine is an asymmetrical capacitor which produces a net non-zero electrostatic force when a voltage difference is applied between the two conductor-semiconductor contacts of an incompletely spherical extrinsic semiconductor shell. At least one Schottky barrier is made from one of the conductor-semiconductor contacts at either of the extrinsic semiconductor's inner or outer radius and is always in reverse bias. Since the Schottky barrier is always in reverse bias, the reverse biased Schottky barrier becomes an electronic capacitor mimicking the shape of the incompletely spherical shell of the extrinsic semiconductor. A net non-zero electrostatic force is thereby produced because the inner and outer radial surface areas of the electronic capacitor have a non-zero difference and this difference is multiplied by the relative electrical permittivity of the incompletely spherical extrinsic semiconductor shell when calculating the net electrostatic force of the capacitive engine.

Abstract: The electromagnetic force differential propulsion device allows a change in the electrical power flowing into the device to directly change the force exerted by the device. The device unbalances a coiled wire's magnetic field by wrapping the wire around a spool acting as a very weak magnetic shield for part of its length and a strong magnetic shield for the remaining length. The weak magnetic shield hardly weakens the magnetic field in the spindle cavity it surrounds while the strong magnetic shield greatly weakens the magnetic field in its surrounded spindle cavity. The coiled wire is more strongly attracted to the strong magnetic field than the weak magnetic field and causes an unbalanced resultant force due to the fact that the spindle cavity (which is air) does not reciprocate magnetic attraction. This unbalanced attraction causes the wire to push on the spool causing the whole device to exert a force.

Abstract: The electrostatic thruster is an electrostatic propulsion device which produces a force by making the grounded conductors and the charged conductor composing the device experience a stronger electric field on one side of the device than the other side. This is done by surrounding each half of the inner conductor with its own dielectric of each dielectric's own unique permittivity and placing a grounded conductor above and below the inner conductor-double dielectric assembly. The dielectric with the higher permittivity will produce a weaker electric field on its half than the dielectric with the lower permittivity causing a non-zero net electrostatic force to move in the direction of the dielectric with the lower permittivity when the charged conductor is electrically powered.