Abstract: A system for preloading a fastener of a mechanical fitting includes a strain measuring device to measure a strain on the fastener as the fastener is tightened. The mechanical fitting may include a base structure and a plate member. A support structure supports the plate member at a predetermined spacing from the base structure. The support structure may include a first sloping plate and a second sloping plate each extending between the plate member and the base structure. The fastener extends through a first hole in the plate member and a second hole in the base structure. The fastener is accessible through an opening on each side of the support structure. At least a portion of the strain measuring device is positioned relative to the fastener through a first opening of the openings to measure the strain on the fastener correlating to the preload as the fastener is tightened.

Abstract: A system for preloading a fastener of a mechanical fitting includes a strain measuring device to measure a strain on the fastener as the fastener is tightened. The mechanical fitting may include a base structure and a plate member. A support structure supports the plate member at a predetermined spacing from the base structure. The support structure may include a first sloping plate and a second sloping plate each extending between the plate member and the base structure. The fastener extends through a first hole in the plate member and a second hole in the base structure. The fastener is accessible through an opening on each side of the support structure. At least a portion of the strain measuring device is positioned relative to the fastener through a first opening of the openings to measure the strain on the fastener correlating to the preload as the fastener is tightened.

Abstract: A measurement system that uses a laser triangulation device to measure the thickness of transparent and/or opaque layers of a multilayer film. The triangulation device has a laser device that projects a beam perpendicularly to a surface of the multilayer film and first and second detectors that image first and second reflected rays of the beam at first and second distances offset from first and second optical axes to produce first and second measurement signals. A controller processes the measurement signals using a triangulation procedure and a simultaneous equation procedure to provide a thickness of an outer transparent layer. For a multilayer film having an opaque layer sandwiched between outer transparent layers, first and second triangulation devices are disposed on opposed sides of the film to measure the thickness of each outer film. Knowing the distance between the two devices, the thickness of the opaque layer can be derived.

Abstract: A measurement system that uses a laser triangulation device to measure the thickness of transparent and/or opaque layers of a multilayer film. The triangulation device has a laser device that projects a beam perpendicularly to a surface of the multilayer film and first and second detectors that image first and second reflected rays of the beam at first and second distances offset from first and second optical axes to produce first and second measurement signals. A controller processes the measurement signals using a triangulation procedure and a simultaneous equation procedure to provide a thickness of an outer transparent layer. For a multilayer film having an opaque layer sandwiched between outer transparent layers, first and second triangulation devices are disposed on opposed sides of the film to measure the thickness of each outer film. Knowing the distance between the two devices, the thickness of the opaque layer can be derived.

Abstract: Discoloration of dicarboxylic acid chlorides having 4 to 10 carbon atoms, especially those made by reacting the corresponding dicarboxylic acid with phosphorus trichloride, is inhibited by the addition of a dicarboxylic acid thereto. Addition of a dicarboxylic acid to a dicarboxylic acid chloride which has already discolored precipitates impurities and thus clarifies the dicarboxylic acid chloride. The clarified dicarboxylic acid chlorides are useful as starting materials to make polyester foam materials.