Abstract: Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with an anode, which contains at least two catalytically active metals which are not alloyed with one another, wherein at least one first catalytically active metal (A) oxidizes ethanol and at least one second catalytically active metal (B) oxidizes acetaldehyde.

Abstract: A method and device for the detection of substances such as nitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, or derivatives, wherein a working electrode and an opposing electrode are contacted with the substance via a viscous electrolyte layer and a voltage is applied to the working electrode whose value is increased and decreased at least once with substantially equal beginning and end values within a predetermined time period, wherein the current strength is determined during this at least one measurement cycle in dependence on the applied voltage, is distinguished in that a plurality of measurement cycles are scanned, and differences of current values of sequential measurement cycles are determined and, in the event of the occurrence of a cathode current maximum, the associated voltage value is determined, held constant and the current strength extracted.

Abstract: A method for the detection of not easily volatized substances in particular of nitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, or derivatives of nitrotoluene as well as chemical warfare substances such as Clark, Lewisite, Lost, Sarin, Soman, Tabun or the like in soil, liquid and gases, wherein an electrode configuration, comprising at least a working electrode and an opposing electrode, is brought into contact with a substance under examination via an electrolyte and a voltage is applied to the working electrode whose value is increased and decreased at least once with substantially equal beginning and end values within a predetermined time period, wherein the current strength is determined during this at least one measurement cycle in dependence on the applied voltage, is distinguished in that a plurality of measurement cycles are scanned, and differences of current values of sequential measurement cycles are determined and, in the event of the occurrence of a cathode current maximum, the associated voltage v