Abstract: Systems and methods for performing laser lithotripsy include introducing a lithotripsy medium containing nanoparticles into a body cavity comprising target obstructions and applying laser energy through the lithotripsy medium to disrupt the target obstructions. The nanoparticles may have diameters configured to enhance absorption efficiency of the laser energy. The nanoparticles may include organic polymers such as PEDOT: PSS or inorganic compounds such as indium tin oxide. Systems may include a laser source, a fluid delivery component configured to deliver the nanoparticle-containing lithotripsy medium, and an optical fiber for delivering laser energy. Methods of manufacturing lithotripsy media include selecting target wavelengths, synthesizing nanoparticles with corresponding absorption characteristics, and dispersing the nanoparticles at selected concentrations.

Abstract: Spirocyclic cyclohexane compounds corresponding to formula I a method for producing them, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and methods of using them.