Abstract: The invention involves non-contact sensing of a selected location on a substrate at which material is to be deposited, and positioning of a material depositing tip a preferred distance from this location on the substrate according to such sensing and in preparation for the depositing. Preferably, the tip is advanced to a preferred spacing between it and the substrate, without overshooting the spacing and without contacting the substrate, in preparation for depositing.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to form leads of components prior to insertion into a printed circuit board while, at the same time, straightening bent leads and testing the electronic functioning of each component through the use of a controller which electronically simulates the operating mode of the component. The orientation of the component is also tested.

Abstract: A computer controls a plurality of satellite machines in real time via a single bus comprised of undedicated, continuous transmission lines terminated at both ends in matching impedances. Each machine coupled to the bus is addressed and commanded during every computer cycle, responding only to signals directed to its address. When a machine is not electrically powered the computer provides an internal signal; computer cycles are never interrupted; continuous control of all other machines is maintained. Any number and mixed types of machines may operate from the bus simultaneously. Machines may be added or removed from bus, and machine programs may be added, removed or modified without interrupting operation of the other machines. Automatic safety reset is provided for machine or computer failure.